CRYPTOGRAPHY

AND NUMBER
THEORY
Coursework
Group Members
Sunil Shrestha
Roshan Subba
Madhusudhan Khanal
Anil Poddar
Prabesh Wagle
FORECAST

 What is Cryptography?
 MARS Cipher
 Algorithm
 Working Mechanism of MARS with Examples
 Conclusions
WHAT IS CRYPTOGRAPHY?
 Art of writing text or data in secret code
 It encrypts the plaintext data into
unreadable format, which is called cipher
text
 Base on the mathematical algorithms
 Uses the secret key
MARS CIPHER
 MARS is the name of 4th planet and derived
from solar system.
 Falls under the secret-key cryptography
 Inspired from the substitution cipher and
columnar transposition cipher
 Uses a single secret key
ALGORITHM
Substitution Cipher
 one of the mostly used techniques during the
beginning concept of the message encryption
 plaintext are replaced by other numbers,
letters or by symbols
BACKGROUND
 Mathematically,

a, b , c, ..., x, y, z
0, 1, 2, ..., 23, 24, 25
 Then the general Caesar cipher is:

For encryption,
c- Ek (p) - E(k,p)-(p+k) mod 26
For decryption,
p- Dk (c) - D(k,c)-(c-k) mod 26
ALGORITHM
Advantages
 It is easy to understand and implement.
 consumes less resource

Disadvantages
 Easy cryptanalysis
 Each plaintext letters always represented by
the same cipher text letter
 Brute force attack can crack the ciphertext.
ALGORITHM
Transposition technique
Columnar Transposition Cipher
 Method of encryption in which permutation
function is applied on plain text letters to be
converted into cipher text.
 the message is written in the rectangle, row
by row, and the message is read in the
column by column
ALGORITHM
 SecretKey = the pattern of the permutation
of the columns

Ciphertext = HTOOSEYTTSTBIHRUISAU
ALGORITHM CONTD..
Advantages
 It is easy to understand and implement but
complex to break by cryptanalysis.
 The hackers cannot break the code unless
the method is known

Disadvantages
 Frequency of English letter can help in
cryptanalysis.
 Highly depended upon secret key
WORKING MECHANISM OF MARS
WORKING MECHANISM OF MARS
CONTD..
 Mathematically enciphering in the 2nd phase,
Cx1 = (P1+ Xi + N1) mod26
Cx2 = (P2+ Xi + N2) mod26
Cxn = (Pn + Xi + Nn) mod26
 Where, P = position of the plaintext letter in
the English alphabet
Xi = the ending key (last digit of a secret key
used in columnar transposition).
N = the position of letter in the plaintext
WORKING MECHANISM OF
MARS ..
 Mathematically, the 1st decryption phase can
be denoted as:
Dx1 = (P1- (Xi + N1)) mod26
Dx2 = (P2- (Xi + N2)) mod26
Dxn = (Pn – (Xi + Nn)) mod26
EXAMPLE
 Let suppose the plaintext: ATTACK BY MISSILE
 Suppose the secret key: 35421
 First encryption process,

 Now performing 2nd encryption process,

Plaintext be: CIEAMLAKSTYITBS
 Key (Xi): 1

 Here, the length of the plaintext = 15

Therefore the increment of the key will be up to 15 loops.

i.e. the last letter of the plaintext will be encrypted with the
key= 15
EXAMPLE:

Ciphertext = DHERRHSBDJYGPH
EXAMPLE…
 cipher text = DHERRHSBDJYGPH
 Key (Xi ) = 1

 initial plaintext = CIEAMLAKSTYITBS

EXAMPLE
Initial plaintext = CIEAMLAKSTYITBS
Key for the 2nd phase decryption = 35421

the original message = ATTACK BY MISSILE

MARS ...
Advantages
 Single secret key works as double encryption.
 single secret key will minimize the network
traffic.
 There is not possibility to guess the letter
frequency of English Alphabet.
 There is less possibility to decrypt the
message by man-in-the-middle attack unless
known about the algorithm.
MARS ..
Disadvantages
 dependent upon the secret key
CONCLUSION
 Our algorithm is based on encryption and
decryption of plain text.
 It will be applicable in the messaging
services like the chat and email systems.
 It is more secure and mitigated than existing
algorithm.
 Use of digital envelope or certificate (DC) to
secure the secret key.
Thank you