TOWER EIFFEL

POWER EIFFEL

Students:
  Luisa Velilla
Yurainis Muñoz
Maria Sierra
Tower EIFFEL

The Eiffel Tower3 (tour Eiffel, in French), initially called the tour of 300 meters (300 meter
tower), is a puddle-shaped iron structure designed by engineers Maurice Koechlin and Émile
Nouguier, endowed with its final appearance by the architect Stephen Sauvestre and built by
the French engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel and his collaborators for the Universal
Exhibition of 1889 in Paris.4

Located at the end of the Champ de Mars on the banks of the River Seine, this Parisian
monument, symbol of France and its capital, is the tallest structure in the city and the
monument that receives the most visited entrance in the world, with 7.1 millions of tourists
each year.5 With a height of 300 meters, extended later with an antenna to 324 meters, the
Eiffel Tower was the tallest structure in the world for 41 years.6
Fue construida en dos años, dos meses y cinco días, y en su momento generó cierta
controversia entre los artistas de la época, que la veían como un monstruo de hierro.7​Tras
finalizar su función como parte de las Exposiciones Universales de 1889 y 1900, fue utilizada
en pruebas del ejército francés con antenas de comunicación, 8​y hoy en día sirve, además de
atractivo turístico, como emisora de programas radiofónicos y televisivos.9​
 General characteristics

Initially a subject of controversy for some, the Eiffel Tower served as a presentation to the Universal
Exposition of Paris in 1889, and has welcomed more than 250 million visitors10 since it was
inaugurated (it is expected to exceed 300 million visitors in 2017) . Its exceptional size and its
immediately recognizable silhouette made the tower an emblem of Paris.

Conceived in the imagination of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, head of the study office
and head of the methods office, respectively, of the Eiffel & Co company, it was thought to be the
"nail of attention" of the exhibition of 1889 to be held in Paris », which would also commemorate
the centenary of the French Revolution. The first plane of the tower was realized in June of 1884.
Stephen Sauvestre, the main architect of the projects of the company, was in charge of improving its
aesthetics.11
On May 1, 1886, the Minister of Commerce and Industry, Édouard Lockroy, enthusiastic supporter
of the project, signed a decree declaring open "a support for the Universal Exhibition of 1889».
Gustave Eiffel won this economic support and signed an agreement on January 8, 1887, which
established the modalities of construction of the building.12

Built in two years, two months and five days (from 1887 to 1889) by 250 workers, it was officially
inaugurated on March 31, 1889.6 Resisting the continuous effect of corrosion on its metal structure,
the Eiffel Tower will not truly know a success massive and constant until the sixties, with the
development of international tourism. Now it welcomes more than six million visitors each year.

Its 300 meters high allowed it to carry the title of "the tallest structure in the world" until the
construction in 1930 of the Chrysler Building, 13 in New York. Built on the Field of Mars near the
Seine River, in the 7th district of Paris, it is currently managed by the Society for the administration
of the Eiffel Tower (Société d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel, SETE). The site, which employs 500
people (250 direct employees of the SETE and 250 of the various concessionaires installed on the
monument), is open every day of the year.14
Total Heights

Total height with antenna in the year 2000: 324 m

Total height with antenna in the year 1994: 318.7 m

Total height with antenna in the year 1991: 317.96 m

Total height with antenna in the year 1989: 312.27 m

Total height without flag in the year 1889: 300 m
The foundations: the two pillars located on the side of the Military
School of France rest on a layer of concrete of 2 meters; This, in turn,
rests on a bed of gravel, forming an excavation seven meters deep. The
foundations of the two pillars of the Seine river are located even below
the level of the river.

The pillars: currently, the booths for the purchase of tickets occupy the north and
west pillars; the elevators are accessible (except for possible repair or maintenance
operations) from the north, east and west pillars. The stairs (open to the public up to the
second floor, and comprising 1665 steps to the top) are accessible from the south pillar,
which also includes a private elevator, reserved for staff and customers of the
gastronomic restaurant Le Jules Verne, located on the second floor, and a forklift.18
Material
Plate of the manufacturer of the iron plates, where the characteristic rivets used to
join them can be seen
Plate of the manufacturer of the iron plates, where the characteristic rivets used to
join them can be seen

The Eiffel Tower from below

The puddled iron (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons, 27 and the
addition of elevators, tents and antennas have brought the total weight of the
construction to approximately 10,100 tons.28 As a demonstration of the economics of
design , if the 7,300 tons of metal of the structure were melted, the square base of
125 m of side could be filled with a depth of only 6.25 cm considering that the
density of the metal is 7.8 tons per cubic meter
The construction of the tower

Foundations of the tower.

One of the elevators that will occupy the east and west pillars.
Initially, Gustave Eiffel (engineer and specialist in metal structures) had foreseen twelve months
of work, although in fact it took twice as long. The construction phase began on January 28,
1887 and ended in March 1889, before the official opening of the Universal Exhibition.

On foot, the number of workers never exceeded 250. This was due to the fact that a large part of
the work was done upstream, in the factories of the Eiffel companies located in Levallois-Perret.
Of the 2 500 000 rivets in the tower, only 1 050 846 were placed on site, 42% of the total.6 The
vast majority of the elements are assembled in the workshops of Levallois-Perret, on the
ground, in pieces of five meters, with temporary bolts; and only later, in situ, are they
definitively replaced by hot rivets (rivets).