21-IOS Boot Process of Router

Hidaya Institute of
Science &
Technology
www.histpk.org
A Division of Hidaya Trust, Pakistan
© Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www,histpk.org

Boot Process of Router
By
G.R. Baloch
M.L.Sario © Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www,histpk.org
Cisco IOS
• Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) is software
used on most Cisco System routers and current Cisco
network switches.
• IOS is a package of routing, switching, internetworking
and telecommunication functions integrated into a
multitasking operating system.
• Latest stable release 15.4(3)M June 27, 2014
• The first IOS was written by William Yeager in 1986, and it
enabled networked applications. It runs on most Cisco
routers as well as an ever-increasing number of Cisco
switches.
3
Cisco IOS
• These are some important things that the Cisco router
IOS software is responsible for:
• Carrying network protocols and functions
• Connecting high-speed traffic between devices
• Adding security to control access and stop
unauthorized network use
• Providing scalability for ease of network growth and
redundancy
• Supplying network reliability for connecting to network
resources
Boot Sequence
• When a Cisco router boots up, it performs a series of
steps, called the router boot sequence, to test the
hardware and load the necessary software.
• Cisco router boot sequence consists of the following

steps:
Boot Sequence Step 1
• The router performs a POST (Power On Self Test).
• The POST (Power On Self Test) tests the hardware to
verify that all components of the device are operational
and present.
• For example, the POST checks for the different interfaces
on the router.
• The POST is stored in and run from ROM (Read-Only
Memory).
• The bootstrap is a program in ROM that is used to execute
programs.
• The Bootstrap program is responsible for initializing hardware
and finding where is IOS program is located and then loading
IOS image.
• The bootstrap looks for the Cisco IOS Operating System
Software from flash memory and load it.
• By default, the IOS software is loaded from flash memory in
all Cisco routers.
• Other possible location of the IOS image is a TFTP (Trivial
File Transfer Protocol) server, configured in a
computer/server. 7
• The IOS software looks for a valid configuration file stored
in NVRAM.
• This file is called startup-config.
• If a Startup Configuration (startup-config) file is present in
NVRAM, the router will load and apply the configuration
commands in Startup Configuration (startup-config) file.
• If a valid Startup Configuration (startup-config) file is not
in NVRAM, IOS will display System Configuration setup.
• Once the startup-config is loaded, IOS will present CLI
interface in User mode.
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Boot Sequence
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Different Types of Router Memory
• Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• Flash Memory
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM)
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ROM
• ROM is read-only memory available on a router's
processor board.
• The initial bootstrap software that runs on a Cisco router is
usually stored in ROM.
• ROM also maintains instructions for Power-on Self Test
(POST) diagnostics.
• For ROM Software upgrades, the pluggable chips on the
motherboard should be replaced.
13
Flash Memory
• Flash memory is an Electronically Erasable and Re-
Programmable memory chip.
• The Flash memory contains the full Operating System
Image (IOS, Internetwork Operating System).
• This allows you to upgrade the OS without removing
chips.
• Flash memory retains content when router is powered
down or restarted.
14
RAM
• RAM is very fast memory that loses its information when
the router is shutdown or restarted.
• On a router, RAM is used to hold running Cisco
Internetwork Operating System, IOS system tables and
buffers. RAM is also used to store routing tables, keep
ARP cache, Performs packet buffering (shared RAM).
• RAM Provides temporary memory for the router
configuration file of the router while the router is powered
on.
15
RAM
• RAM Stores running Cisco IOS Operating System, Active
program and operating system instructions, the Running
Configuration File, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
cache, routing tables and buffered IP Packets.
16
NVRAM
• NVRAM is used to store the Startup Configuration File.
• This is the configuration file that IOS reads when the
router boots up.
• It is extremely fast memory and retains its content when
the router is restarted.
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Memory Types
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Show version
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Connection by using Console Port
• Use console cable between PC and router.
• The console port is the management port which is used by
administrators to log into a router directly, that without
using a network connection.
• You require a terminal emulator application like
hyperterminal or PuTTY to connect to router.
• Console port connection is a way to connect to the router
when a router cannot be accessed over the network.
• Connects to console/management port on router and RS-
232 port on the PC
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RS- 232 (Recommended Standard)

21
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DB-9 to RJ-45 Connector & Cable
• This cable is used to connect PC with router. If you have
not DB-9 Cable so we can use DB-9 to RJ-45 connector.
23
RS-232 to USB Connector
• Now a day in PC/Laptop have not built-in RS-232 port, in
this we will use RS-232 to USB connector.
24
Connection by using Network Connection
• Connection by using protocols like telnet, SSH, HTTP or
HTTPS
• The routers can be managed over the network by using
standard TCP/IP protocols like Telnet, SSH, HTTP or
HTTPS.
• Telnet was developed in the early days of the UNIX
operating system to manage computers remotely.
• A Telnet client and server application ships with Cisco's
IOS software and most computer operating systems.
25
Connection by Network Connection
• SSH is a more secure way to configure routers, since the
SSH communication is encrypted.
• Cisco IOS also has a HTTP server to managed web based
communication with the router.
Telnet or ssh
Client Router
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Router 2911
27
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Interfaces of Router
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HWIC
• Cisco serial and asynchronous High-speed WAN
Interface Card (HWIC) provide highly flexible connections
for Cisco 1800, 1900, 2800, 2900, 3800, and 3900 Series
Integrated Services Routers.
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Assignment
Write, how to understand the version, release
and naming of Cisco IOS softwares.
Last date: 11-3-2015
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21-IOS Boot Process of Router

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Hidaya Institute of

© Copyright 2012 Hidaya Trust (Pakistan) ● A Non-Profit Organization ● www.hidayatrust.org / www,histpk.org

• Cisco router boot sequence consists of the following

RS- 232 (Recommended Standard)

Last date: 11-3-2015

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