Seminar

Topic: Tyres
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
ANDHRA PRADESH
DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By- N.B.R KAUSHIK

Mechanical 4th Year
Roll No:711633
 Contents
• Introduction
• Evolution
• Nomenclature
• Classification
• Modern Tyres
– Non-pneumatic tyres (NPT)
– Self Inflating Tyres
• Market perspective
• Some Special Applications
What is a Tyre?
 Properties of tyres
 Non-skidding
 Uniform wear
 Load-carrying
 Cushioning
 Balancing
 Tyre Composition

 The tyres also have several types of fabric for reinforcement and several kinds and
sizes of steel
 Why are tyres black?
• To protect rubber
from harmful UV rays
(carbon black
also improving
strength, wear
resistance)
 Evolution of tyres
The earliest tyres were bands of leather
 1844: Charles Goodyear and Robert William Thomson
– Vulcanization of rubber enabled to use Solid rubber tyres.
 1888: John Boyd Dunlop
– Gasoline Cars and the Pneumatic Tyre by Benz
1905: Tread Tyre
Rib shape:  Asymmetric pattern:
 Different tread design
on the inside to the
outside.
 Block shape:-

 Symmetric Tread Pattern:-

continuous ribs across the
 Zigzag shape:- entire tread surface
 1920: Popularisation of Automobiles and the
Industrialisation of Synthetic Rubber
– 1931, the American company Du Pont

 1923: Balloon Tyre

 1940- 1947: Tyres to Save Fuel
Tubeless tyres
 1949: Radial Tyre
 1970: Increased tyre safety
1979, the run-flat tyre can be used at speeds up to
80 kmph without needing to change tyres even in
the event of a flat.
 1990: Development of the UHP Tyre
Rim diameter equal to or greater than 16 inches, a
flatness ratio equal to or less than 55, and a V speed
rating (highest speed of 240 kmph).
 2012: Non-Pneumatic Tyres
saves energy by reducing the production process by
half.
Tyre Specifications
 Which air do we fill in tyres?
• Nitrogen
 Dry and inert gas
 Leaks 3 times slower through sidewalls than
oxygen
 Oxygen oxidises rubber in sidewall.
 Tyre Terminology
Components of tyres

1
3
Tyre cross-section
Tyre manufacturing
 Manufacturing
Pneumatic tires are manufactured in
about 450 tyre factories around the
world
Over one billion tyres are
manufactured annually, making the
tire industry a major consumer of
natural rubber

The top five tyre manufacturing

companies by revenue are
Bridgestone, Michelin, Goodyear,
Continental, and Pirelli
Classification of tyre

According to tread pattern design

According to carcass

According to construction
According to tread pattern
design

Summer tires
Winter tires

All season
tires
Summer tyre Winter tyre

All season
tyre
According to carcass
Belted-Bias Tyre

 Combination of both the radial

and cross ply type.

Cross Ply Tyre

Radial Ply
Tyre
Radial ply Cross ply
According to construction

Conventional Tubeless
tube Tyre
Tyre
Drawbacks of Pneumatic tyres
 Puncture or Blowout.

 A blowout at high speeds can lead

to a dangerous car accident.

 Variations in air
pressure changes tyre
performance.

 Can blow out by gunfire or

explosion.
 What is airless tyre?
 Airless tyres or Non-pneumatic tyres (NPT) , are tyres
that are not supported by air pressure.
 Why Tweel?
 Tweel still delivers pneumatic –like performance
weight-carrying capacity, ride comfort, and the
ability to “envelope” road hazards.
 High-speed travel (maximum 60 km/h) in
ultralight vehicles has also become possible.
Main parts of TWEEL

• TREAD
• SHEER BAND
• DEFORMEBLE
WHEEL
• FLEXIBLE
SPOKES
 How does it work?
 Flexible spokes are fused with a
.
flexible wheel which deforms to
absorb shock.
 The Tweel also has a unique
capability to have different vertical
and lateral stiffness.
 The vertical stiffness affects ride
comfort, and lateral stiffness
affects handling and cornering.
 The best of both worlds, ride comfort
and superb handling!
 Tweel works well over rocky terrains
 Design approach
1st Major Attempt
At Creating An
Airless Tyre Was
In 1970 For
NASA’S Apollo
Lunar Rover

Next Main Attempt At Creating

That Tyre Michelin Was Calles
Tweel by Tyre Company
continued.. Bridgestone Corporation
announced it has
developed “Air Free
Concept (Non-
Pneumatic) Tire” at the 43
Tokyo Motor Show 2013

Resilient
Technologies
, LLC
 Bridgestone vs Michelin

Difference between the two tire maker’s wheels, is the size of the
supporting ribs. Michelin focused on allowing the tires to be able to deform
over obstacles, making them more suitable for military applications
where as
Bridgestone has approached its tire from the consumer angle, creating a
highly recyclable tire that will cut down on maintenance costs and time
 Advantages Disadvantages
 Eliminates air leaks or tyre blow  Lack of adjustability.
outs.
 Vibration.
 No maintenance required.

 Facilitate recycling.  Different Manufacturing

technique.
 Remains mobile even with some of
 Not as economic as pneumatic
the spokes are damaged or
tyres.
missing.

 Durability & Long Life.

 Can take gunfire or explosion.

 Less environmental impact.

 Applications
Used on some small
vehicles such as riding lawn
mowers and motorized golf
carts.

In backhoe or bulldozers.
continued..
For Military vehicles

Also used in
All Terrine Vehicles (ATV)
 FUTURE CHALLENGES
• Goodyear in collaboration with
NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC),
develop non-pneumatic tyres for use
first on the moon, and eventually on
Mars.
• Lunar tyres need to be
designed to develop traction
on sandy undulated terrain, in
regions that humans have
never even seen up close.
 SELF INFLATINING
TIRE SYSTEM
……tire system for future
• Adjust to the current terrain for ideal performance and
safety in those conditions.
• Constantly maintain tire pressure at the proper level.
• Slow leaks and for optimizing performance and safety
• Re-inflation of tires to proper level
 Please Pay Attentions
 Research studies show that under-inflated tires are a major issue today.
In the USA
 27% of passenger cars and 32% of light trucks have at least one tire under
pressured by more than 25%. This results in 1.24 billion gallons of wasted
fuel per year (costing 3.7 billion USD).
In the EU
 38% of cars in the EU drive on under-inflated tires. This results in 5.3 billon
liters of wasted fuel worth of 7 billion EUR, and an extra 12.3 million tons
of CO2 released into the atmosphere.

 So, we can say that we require a system is easy and inexpensive to

produce would bring enormous savings in fuel, pollution, and human
lives when implemented on a large scale.
 Some Other Statistics
 A statistics show that tires which are under inflated by as little
as 2 psi reduce fuel efficiency by 10 percent.
 Over a year of driving, that can amount to several hundred
dollars in extra fuel purchases.

 One of reason for Road Accident is less or Insufficient Tire

Pressure.
 Near about 10,000 injuries could be prevented per year if
all vehicles were equipped with tire pressure monitoring
systems.
 Tire-Inflation Basics

• On roads 80 percent of the cars are driving with one or more

tires under inflated.
• Tires lose air through normal driving and seasonal changes in
temperature
• They can lose one or two psi (pounds per square inch) each
month
• Under inflation is bad for tires.
• When tires are under inflated, the tread wears more quickly
• 15 percent fewer miles you can drive on them for every 20
percent that they're under inflated.
• Under inflated tires also overheat more quickly than properly
inflated tires
Different Tire Conditions And Effect On
Different Tire Pressure

At the spot where the tire meets the road the rubber is bent
out. it takes force to bend that tire and the more it has to bend
the more force it takes.
 Self-inflating Systems

• Tire-inflation systems general goals:

– Detect : constantly (or intermittently) monitor the
air pressure in each tire.
– Notify the driver of the problem
– Inflate that tire back to the proper level -
PARTS OF SELF-INFLATING SYSTEM
– Valve to isolate individual tires
– Central sensors for sensing the tire pressures
– Air source, which is usually an existing onboard source
– Get the air from the air source to the tires, which is
usually through the axle Systems either use a sealed-hub
axle with a hose from the hub to the tire valve or else they
run tubes through the axle with the axle acting as a
conduit.
– A pressure relief vent to vent air from the tire without
risking damage to the hub or rear-axle seals.
– Tire deflation valves
– Tire inflator hoses
 Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS)

• The idea behind the CTIS is to provide control over the air
pressure in each tire
• As a way to improve performance on different surfaces.
• Driver can give direct control over the air pressure in each tire
• To maintain pressure in the tires if there is a slow leak or
puncture.
• System controls inflation automatically based on the selected
pressure the driver has set.
CTIS: INSIDE
• Wheel Valve
• Control Panel
• Speed Sensor
• Pressure Switch
• ECU
• Pneumatic Control Unit
 Other Important applications
• Designed to withstand extremely heavy loads for
short durations .
• Each tyre is inflated to 15 bar(200psi) and weighs
120 kg
• Diameter : 134cm
• Cost: 3lakh 50 thousand
• Car tyre typically costs around 3-4 thousand
• General car tire pressure is 30-35 psi