IEEE 802.3(Ethernet), IEEE 802.

4(Token
Bus), IEEE 802.5(Token Ring)
Presented by

____

Mr.R.Ravi M.E(Jadavpur University, Kolkata).,Ph.D.,

Senior Lecturer & M.E(CSE – Coordinator).,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering.
A.K.College of Engineering.

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IEEE 802.3
Ethernet

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 Introduction
• Local Area Network (LAN) – network
connecting devices in a limited geographic
area, usually privately owned and limited
to a single office, building, or campus
• Three typical architectures used:
– Ethernet, Token Bus and Token Ring.
– Ethernet most dominant
• Each protocol is based on HDLC
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• Data link layer is further subdivided into
two sub layers:

– Logical Link Control (LLC)

– Medium Access Control (MAC)

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Project 802 and OSI Model

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 Data Link Layer Sub layers
• Logical Link Control (LLC) – upper layer
Handles logical addressing, control information
and data
• Medium Access Control (MAC) – lower
layer
– Proprietary to specific LAN product (e.g.
Ethernet, Token Ring, Token Bus, etc.)
– Resolves contention for the medium, provides
synchronization, flow control, physical
addressing, and error control specifications
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Normal Ethernet Operation
B C

Address mismatch Address mismatch

packet discarded packet discarded

Send data Address match

to node D packet processed
Transmitted packet seen
by all stations on the LAN
A (broadcast medium) D

Data

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 Ethernet Collisions
B C

Collision

Data transmission for A Data transmission

for C
A
D

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 CSMA/CD
"Carrier Sense/Multiple Access "Driving in Boston"
with Collision Detection"

BUS!
51.2 microseconds

"Many stations; Listen before talking; listen while talking; if a collision,

backoff and try again"

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 CSMA/CD - A Simple Definition
• A network station wishing to transmit will first check the
cable plant to ensure that no other station is currently
transmitting (CARRIER SENSE).
• The communications medium is one cable, therefore, it
does allow multiple stations access to it with all being
able to transmit and receive on the same cable
(MULTIPLE ACCESS).
• Error detection is implemented throughout the use of a
station "listening" while it is transmitting its data.
–A jam signal is transmitted to network by the transmitting
stations that detected the collision, to ensure that all
stations know of the collision. All stations will "backoff" for
a random time.
–Detection and retransmission is accomplished in
microseconds.
–Two or more stations transmitting causes a collision
(COLLISION DETECTION) 10
 Traditional Ethernet (802.3)
• Overlapping signals are referred to as
collisions
– Increased stations  Increased traffic 
more collisions
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD) is used to coordinate
traffic, minimize collisions, and maximize
number of frames delivered successfully

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 Ethernet Frame Format
• Consists of seven fields
• No mechanism for acknowledging
received frames; considered an unreliable
medium

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 Ethernet Frame Fields
• Preamble – seven bytes of alternating 0s and 1s to
notify receiver of incoming frame and to provide
synchronization
• Start frame delimiter (SFD) – one byte signaling the
beginning of the frame
• Destination address (DA) – six bytes containing the
physical address of the next destination; if packet
must reach another LAN, this field contains the
physical address of the router; upon reaching the
target network, field then contains the physical
address of the destination device
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 Ethernet Frame Fields (cont)
• Source address (SA) – six byte field containing
physical address of last station to forward
packet, sending station or most recent router
• Length/type – two bytes indicating number of
bytes in coming PDU; if fixed length, can
indicate type
• Data – 46 to 1500 bytes
• CRC – CRC-32 error detection information

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 Ethernet Addressing
• Each station on the network must have a unique
physical address
• Provided by a six-byte physical address
encoded on the network interface card (NIC)
• Normally written in hexadecimal notation

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 Categories of traditional
Ethernet
• Baseband – digital signals using
Manchester encoding
– 10Base5, 10Base2, 10-Base-T, 10Base-FL
– First number indicates data rate in Mbps
– Last number indicates maximum cable length or
type
• Broadband – analog signals using
digital/analog conversion (differential PSK)
– Only specification: 10Broad36
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 10Base5 - Thicknet
• A rigid coaxial cable
(RG-8) approx. 0.4 in.
thick used in the
original Ethernet
networks
• Bus topology LAN
using base signaling
with a maximum
segment distance of 500
meters
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 Thicknet Characteristics
• Supports transmission rates up to 10 Mbps in
Baseband mode
• Less expensive than fiber-optic cable, but
more expensive than other types of coax
• Wide diameter and excellent shielding make it
more resistant to noise than other types of
wiring
• Physical connectors and cables include
coaxial cable, NIC cards, transceivers, and
attachment unit interface (AUI) cables
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 10Base5 Connectors
• Transceiver – intermediary device; also called a
medium attachment unit (MAU)
– Performs CSMA/CD function; may contain small buffer
• Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) – also called a
transceiver cable
– 15-wire cable which performs physical layer interface
functions between station and transceiver
– Plugs into NIC and transceiver
• Transceiver tap – allows connection to a line at
any point
– Often called a vampire tap since it pierces the cable
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10Base5 Topology

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 10Base5 Connectors

AUI Cable/Transceiver Cable

10Base5 network configuration

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 10Base2 - Thinnet
• Cable diameter is approximately 0.64 cm (RG-58)
• More flexible and easier to handle and install than
Thicknet
• “2” represents a maximum segment length of 185m
(~200m)
• Less expensive than Thicknet and fiber-optic cable;
more expensive than Twisted Pair wiring
• More resistant to noise than Twisted Pair; not as
resistant as Thicknet
• Major advantages are its very low cost and relative
ease of use
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 Thinnet Characteristics
• Shorter range (185 meters) and smaller capacity
• Bus topology LAN
• Connectors and cables include: NICs, thin coaxial
cable, and BNC-T connectors
• Transceiver is moved into NIC; tap replaced by
connector splicing directly into the cable,
eliminating need for AUI cables
• BNC-T connector – T-shaped device with 3 ports:
one for the NIC and one each for input/output ends
of cable
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ThinNet Cabling & Connectors

T-connector

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 10Base-T: Twisted Pair
Ethernet
• Most popular standard; easiest to install and
reconfigure
• Star topology LAN using UTP cable; no need for
AUI
• Supports data rage of 10 Mbps with a max hub
to station length of 100 meters
• Transceiver operations are carried out in an
intelligent hub
• NIC reads destination address of frame and only
opens if it matches that address
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10Base-T

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10Base-FL: Fiber Link Ethernet
• Uses star topology to
connect stations to a
hub
• External transceiver
called a fiber-optic
MAU connects
processing device to
fiber-optic cables via
a 15-wire transceiver

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 Bridged Ethernet
• Increases bandwidth by dividing the network into
smaller networks, allowing concurrent
communications
• Separates collision domains since traffic is lower
with segmentation

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 Switched Ethernet
• In switched networks, a switch device
recognizes the destination address and
routes the frame to the specific port to
which the destination station is connected
(enables point-to-point connection; no
collisions)

• Also helps to improve security

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Switched Ethernet

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 Full-Duplex Ethernet
• 10Base5 and
10Base2 are half-
duplex
• Full-duplex increases
capacity of each
domain
• No need for
CSMA/CD

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 Fast Ethernet
• Operates at 100 Mbps; faster speeds needed for
CAD, image processing, real-time audio and video
• No change in frame format, addressing, or access
method
• Data rate and collision domain are changed
• Physical implementation is star topology
– 100Base-X (100Base-TX and 100Base-FX)
– 100Base-T4

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 100Base-TX
• Uses two category 5 UTP cable pairs or two STP
cable pairs to connect stations to a hub (star)
• One pair carries frames from station to hub; one
pair from hub to station
• Uses 4B/5B and MLT-3 encoding (2 step process)

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 100Base-FX
• Uses two identical optical fibers in star
topology
• One fiber carries frames from the station
to hub; one from hub to station
• Encoding is 4B/5B
• Signaling is NRZ-I

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 100Base-T4
• Uses four pairs of category 3 (voice grade)
UTP to transmit 100 Mbps
• Two pairs are bidirectional; other two are
unidirectional
• 8B/6T (eight binary/six ternary) encoding
used to transform into six bauds of three
voltage levels

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100Base-T4

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 Gigabit Ethernet

• Data rate of 1000 Mbps or 1 Gbps

• Usually implemented as full-duplex with no
CSMA/CD
• 1000Base-X uses shortwave optical fiber
(1000Base-SX), long-wave optical fiber
(1000Base-LX), or twisted-pair cables
(1000Base-T)

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 Summary
• Ethernet – most widely used LAN protocol
• Specific implementations discussed:
– Traditional (10Mbps)
– Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)
– Gigabit (1 Gbps)
– Ten-Gigabit (10 Gbps)
• Bridging and switching techniques

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IEEE 802.4

TOKEN BUS

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 802.4 - Token Bus

Physical line or tree, but logical ring. Stations know “left” and “right”
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stations. One token “passed” from station to station. Only station with
 Token Bus
• Physical order of stations does not matter
– line is broadcast medium
• “Send” token by addressing neighbor
• Provisions for adding, deleting stations
• Physical layer is not at all compatible with
802.3
• A very complicated standard

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 Token Bus Sublayer Protocol
• Send for some time, then pass token
• If no data, then pass token right away
• Traffic classes: 0, 2, 4 and 6 (highest)
– internal substations for each station
• Set timer for how long to transmit
– ex: 50 stations and 10 Mbps
– want priority 6 to have 1/3 bandwidth
– then 67 Kbps each, enough for voice + control
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 Token Bus Frame Format

• No length field
• Data can be much larger (timers prevent hogs)
• Frame control
– ack required?
– Data vs. Control frame - how is ring managed?

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Token Bus Control Frame
Summary

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 Control Frame: solicit_successor
• Periodically ask for any station to join by
sending solicit_successor
– token with sender’s addr and successor’s addr
– wait 2 (as in 802.3)
• If 0, then continue
• If 1, then add to ring as successor
• If 2+, then collision
– resolve contention via binary countdown
• Timer determines how often ask for join
– no limit on how long a station will wait to enter
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 Control Frame: set_successor
• Station X wants to leave
– successor S
– predecessor P
• X sends set_successor frame to P
– with S as data field
• P changes its successor
• X stops transmitting

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 Control Frame: claim_token
• Consider first station turned on
• Station notices no tokens
– sends claim_token
• No competitors, so makes a ring of just itself
• Periodically sends solicit_successor
• If two stations send claim_token
– arbitrate as in solicit_successor

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 Control Frames for Lost Tokens

• If station goes down … token lost

• Predecessor listens for data frame or token
• Noticing none, retransmits token
• Sends who_follows
– successor to failed station responds
– becomes new successor
• If 2 stations in a row down
– send solicit_successor_2
– arbitrate among all alive to join ring
• If token holder goes down, timers to restart as in
claim_token

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IEEE 802.5
Token Ring

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Token Ring

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 Token Ring Implementation

• Series of 150-ohm shielded

twisted-pairs sections
• Output port on each station
connected to input port on the
next
• Frame is passed to each
station in sequence
• Station function as a repeater
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 Token Passing
• Station can send only when it receives a
special frame called a token
• Token circulates around the ring
• If station wishes to send, it captures the
token and sends one or more frames
• Token is then released so next station can
transmit

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Token Passing

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Token Passing

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Token Passing

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Token Passing

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Token Passing – Token Ring (IEEE
802.5)
• Requires that stations take turns sending
data
• Token passing coordinates process
• Token is a specially formatted three-byte
frame that circulates; station wishing to
transmit must first have possession
• Token passes from NIC to NIC in sequence;
if station has data to send, station takes
token and sends data frame; if not, passes to
neighbor
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 Token Ring (cont)
• Each station receives the frame one by
one and examines the destination address
• If it matches, frame is copied; station
checks the frame for errors; changes bits
to indicate the frame was received and
copied
• Packet continues around the ring and is
passed back to originating station
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 Token Ring (cont)
• Once the sender receives the frame and
recognizes its address in the sender field,
it examines the address-recognized bits
• If they are set, it knows the frame was
received and copied
• Sender then discards the frame and
releases the token back to the ring

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 Priority and Reservation
• Higher priority stations may access the token
sooner,
• Every station has a priority code
• As token passes by, station waiting to transmit
can place its priority code in the access control
(AC) field of the token or data frame
• Higher priority stations may remove a lower
priority reservation; if stations have equal
priority, it’s first-come, first-served
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 Monitor Stations
• Lost tokens - timer is issued each time a
frame or token is generated
• If no frame is received within time period,
new token is generated by a monitor station
• Orphan frames result if a sending station
neglects to remove a used data frame from
the ring
• Monitor sets a bit in the AC field in each
frame; as frame passes, bit is set; if the
frame passes again, the monitor discards,
will remove it, and generate a new token
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Token Ring Frame

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Data Frame Fields

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Data Frame Fields

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 Switch
• In a physical ring configuration, any
disabled or disconnected node can disable
the entire network
• Use of a switch can allow the ring to
bypass an inactive station
• A nine-wire cable connects each NIC to
the switch; four used for data, five used to
control the switch
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Token Ring Physical Topology

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 Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
• Combines individual automatic switches
• May daisy chain to support more stations

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Thanking You

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