Sir Daniel Burnham

SIR DANIEL BURNHAM
BUDHA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
TOWN PLANNING
SUBMITTED BY-
CHAVI
HIMANSHU
UTKARSH
GROUP-5
BOUT THE ARCHITECT/PLANNER DANIEL BURNHAM
• DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM WAS BORN (SEP. 4TH 1846) IN HENDERSON, NEW YORK
• HE WAS RAISED IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
• BURNHAM TOOK A LEADING ROLE IN THE CREATION OF MASTER PLANS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
A NUMBER OF CITIES, INCLUDING CHICAGO, MANILA, BAGUIO AND DOWNTOWN WASHINGTON, D.C
• BEST KNOWN FOR HIS SKYSCRAPERS AND CITY PLANNINGS
HIS FAMOUS WORKS INCLUDE-
1. UNION STATION IN WASHINGTON D.C.(1909)

2. THE FULLER BUILDING(1902)
3. THE MASONIC TEMPLE BUILDING (1892-1939)
4. ONE CALVERT PLAZA (1900)
HIS WORKING STYLE-

• Burnham had a great faculty of impressing his clients with the firm’s ability
to solve any problem that came to it.
• He would make rapid sketches, which Root afterward elaborated with the
greatest care. He inspired confidence in all who came within the range of his
positive and powerful personality.
PROJECTS DANIEL BURNHAM
PLAN OF CHICAGO { 1909 }
PLAN OF CHICAGO, CO-AUTHORED BY DANIEL BURNHAM AND EDWARD H. BENNETT. IT
RECOMMENDED AN INTEGRATED SERIES OF PROJECTS INCLUDING NEW AND WIDENED STREETS,
PARKS, NEW RAILROAD AND HARBOUR FACILITIES, AND CIVIC BUILDINGS. THOUGH ONLY PORTIONS
OF THE PLAN WERE REALIZED, THE DOCUMENT RESHAPED CHICAGO'S CENTRAL AREA AND WAS AN
IMPORTANT INFLUENCE ON THE NEW FIELD OF CITY PLANNING.
THE PROJECT WAS BEGUN IN 1906 BY

THE MERCHANTS CLUB, WHICH MERGED WITH
THE COMMERCIAL CLUB OF CHICAGO, A GROUP
OF PROMINENT BUSINESSMEN WHO RECOGNIZED
THE NECESSITY OF IMPROVEMENTS TO THE FAST-
GROWING CITY. THEY RETAINED DANIEL H.
BURNHAM, AN ARCHITECT WHO HAD MANAGED
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE 1893 WORLD'S
COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION IN CHICAGO. AFTER
THE FAIR, HE HAD PRESENTED IDEAS FOR
IMPROVING CHICAGO'S LAKEFRONT
• EDWARD HERBERT BENNETT WAS
AN ARCHITECT AND CITY PLANNER BEST
KNOWN FOR HIS CO-AUTHORSHIP OF THE
1909 PLAN OF CHICAGO.
• HE WORKED WITH DANIEL IN PLANNING OF

CHICAGO
EDWARD H. BENNETT
1874 TO 1954
WORKS
 1909 PLAN OF CHICAGO
 BUCKINGHAM FOUNTAIN - CHICAGO, IL
 MICHIGAN AVENUE BRIDGE - CHICAGO, IL
 PERISTYLE AT MILLENNIUM PARK (ORIGINAL)
CHICAGO, IL
ASPECTS OF THE PLAN
The Burnham Plan focused on 6 major
elements:
I. IMPROVEMENT OF THE
LAKEFRONT
FOREMOST AMONG THE PLAN'S

GOALS WAS RECLAIMING THE
LAKEFRONT FOR THE PUBLIC.
"THE LAKEFRONT BY RIGHT
BELONGS TO THE PEOPLE,"
WROTE BURNHAM. THE PLAN
RECOMMENDED EXPANDING THE
PARKS ALONG THE LAKE
MICHIGAN SHORELINE WITH
LANDFILL, WHICH WAS DONE IN
THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY. OF THE
CITY'S 29 MILES (47 KM) OF
LAKEFRONT, ALL BUT FOUR MILES
(SIX KILOMETRES) ARE TODAY
PUBLIC PARKLAND. THE PLAN
ALSO PROVIDED FOR EXTENSIVE
LAKEFRONT HARBOUR
FACILITIES, WHICH BECAME
2 . A REGIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM
THE PLAN CONSIDERED CHICAGO AS THE CENTRE OF A REGION EXTENDING 75 MILES (120 KM)
FROM THE CITY CENTRE. AT THE DAWN OF THE AUTOMOBILE AGE, THE PLAN DIAGRAMMED
BOTH RADIAL AND CIRCUMFERENTIAL HIGHWAYS FOR THE REGION. HOWEVER, THE AGENCIES
WHO BUILT AND IMPROVED HIGHWAYS IN THE 1910S AND 1920S DO NOT APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN
GUIDED TO BUILD ALONG THE SPECIFIC ROUTES RECOMMENDED IN THE PLAN.
PLAN OF CENTRAL CHICAGO

3. IMPROVEMENT OF RAILWAY TERMINALS
THE PLAN DREW ON TECHNICAL STUDIES PREVIOUSLY DONE BY OTHERS, INCLUDING A PLAN FOR COMPETING
RAILROADS TO POOL USAGE OF TRACKS FOR GREATER EFFICIENCY IN FREIGHT HANDLING. IN ADDITION, THE PLAN
DETAILED THE CONSOLIDATION OF CHICAGO'S SIX INTERCITY RAILROAD PASSENGER TERMINALS INTO NEW
COMPLEXES WEST OF THE LOOP AND SOUTH OF ROOSEVELT ROAD. THIS, IN TURN, WOULD ALLOW THE EXPANSION OF
THE BUSINESS DISTRICT SOUTHWARD. A NEW CHICAGO UNION STATION WAS FINISHED IN 1925, BUT NO OTHER STATIONS
WERE CONSOLIDATED OR RELOCATED. IN 1929, THE SOUTH BRANCH OF THE CHICAGO RIVER WAS RECHANNELLED,
BETWEEN POLK AND 18TH STREETS, TO UNTANGLE RAILROAD APPROACHES AS RECOMMENDED BY THE PLAN.
4. New outer parks
The movement to purchase and

preserve the natural areas that
became the Cook County Forest
Preserves was well under way as
the plan was being written. The
plan includes those proposals and
also calls for the expansion of the
city's park and boulevard system,
which had been first established in
the 1870s.
5. Systematic arrangement of streets
New wider roads were
prescribed to relieve
traffic congestion and
beautify the fast growing
city, including a network
of new diagonal streets.
One of these diagonals
was constructed: the
extension of Ogden
Avenue and there are
several other diagonal
streets throughout the
city. Many of the plan's
street recommendations
were followed.
PROJECTS
DANIEL BURNHAM
6. CIVIC AND CULTURAL CENTRES
THE MOST ICONIC IMAGE OF THE PLAN WAS THE NEW CIVIC CENTRE PROPOSED FOR THE AREA
AROUND CONGRESS AND HALSTED STREETS. HOWEVER, CITY OFFICIALS WHO PREFERRED THE
CONVENIENCE OF A LOOP LOCATION NEVER SERIOUSLY PURSUED THE PROPOSAL. AT THE EAST END
OF CONGRESS STREET, WHICH WOULD BECOME THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE RESHAPED CITY,
BURNHAM PROPOSED A CULTURAL CENTRE IN GRANT PARK CONSISTING OF THE NEW FIELD
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND NEW HOMES FOR THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO AND
THE CRERAR LIBRARY. THIS PROPOSAL, HOWEVER, PLACED BURNHAM AND OTHER CIVIC LEADERS
IN CONFLICT WITH A STATE SUPREME COURT DECISION FORBIDDING ANY NEW BUILDINGS IN
GRANT PARK.
IMPLEMENTATION
ALTHOUGH BURNHAM DIED IN 1912, THE PLAN OF CHICAGO WAS PROMOTED BY COMMERCIAL CLUB

MEMBERS AND THE CHICAGO PLAN COMMISSION. THEY PERSUADED THE MAYOR OF CHICAGO TO APPOINT CO-
AUTHOR EDWARD H. BENNETT, A GRADUATE OF THE ÉCOLE DES BEAUX-ARTS, AND HE ADVISED VARIOUS
PUBLIC AGENCIES AS THEY CONSTRUCTED THE PROJECTS RECOMMENDED BY THE PLAN, USING A DESIGN
VOCABULARY REMINISCENT OF 19TH CENTURY PARIS. MAYOR WILLIAM HALE THOMPSON, ELECTED IN 1915,
USED PLAN OF CHICAGO PROJECTS TO PROMOTE HIS IMAGE AS A CHICAGO BOOSTER, AND AS A RICH SOURCE
OF PUBLIC CONTRACTS.
UNION STATION (PITTSBURGH)
UNION STATION (OR PENNSYLVANIA STATION, COMMONLY CALLED PENN STATION BY
LOCALS) IS A HISTORIC TRAIN STATION AT GRANT STREET AND LIBERTY AVENUE, SOUTH
OF THE ALLEGHENY RIVER, IN PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES. IT WAS ONE
OF SEVERAL PASSENGER RAIL STATIONS THAT SERVED PITTSBURGH DURING THE 20TH
CENTURY (OTHER STATIONS INCLUDED THE PITTSBURGH & LAKE ERIE RAILROAD
STATION, THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO STATION, AND WABASH PITTSBURGH TERMINAL),
AND IT IS THE ONLY SURVIVING STATION IN ACTIVE USE.
Pittsburgh, PA Amtrak inter-city rail station

Other names Penn Station,
Pennsylvania Station
Location 1100 Liberty Avenue

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
United States
Coordinates 40°26′41.1″N 79°59′31.7″WCoordinates: 40°26′41.1″N 79°59′31.7″
W
Owned by Amtrak
Line(s) Keystone Corridor (Pittsburgh Line)
Fort Wayne Line
Platforms 3 + 1 disused
Tracks 2 + 3 disused
Connections Port Authority of Allegheny County
ARCHITECTURE
IN SEPTEMBER 1978, THE NEW YORKER ART CRITIC BRENDAN
GILL PROCLAIMED THAT PITTSBURGH'S PENN STATION IS "ONE OF THE GREAT
PIECES OF BEAUX-ARTS ARCHITECTURE IN AMERICA...[ONE OF THE] SYMBOLS
OF THE NATION.
LIMITATIONS IN DESIGN
• Plan of Chicago received great acclaim initially, it did not take into account the
enormous impact of the automobile.
•The plan of Chicago ignored housing and other pressing urban social issues.
INFERENCES
• BURNHAM TOOK A LEADING ROLE IN THE CREATION OF MASTER PLANS FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A NUMBER OF CITIES, INCLUDING CHICAGO, MANILA, BAGUIO AND
DOWNTOWN WASHINGTON, D.C
• BURNHAM FOCUSSED ON DEVELOPMENT OF LIVEBLE CITIES FOCCUSSING ON THE

ASPECT OF UTILIZATION OF THE SITE FEATURE, EXISTING CULTURE AND
HISTORICABLE BACKGROUND AND INPROVISING THE ASPECTS OF MORDENISATIOJ IN
TERMS OF BUILDING MATERIALS , AND STRCTURAL STABILITY.
•IN THE PLAN OF CHICAGO , THE KEY PRINCIPLES USED WERE :
 IMPROVEMENT OF THE LAKEFRONT

A REGIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM
IMPROVEMENT OF RAILWAY TERMINALS
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF STREETS
CIVIC AND CULTURAL CENTRES
• ALTHOUGH THE PLAN WAS NOT INITIALLY ACCEPTED DUE TO LIMITATION IN TERMS
OF RESIDENTIAL SECTOR BUT LATER DEVELOPED AS A CITY WITH GREAT URBAN
POTENTIAL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
•https://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/764726.html
•http://burnhamplan100.lib.uchicago.edu/files/content/documents/Plan_of_Chicago_booklet.
pdf
•https://www.google.co.in/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN791IN791&ei=_xqwXMLfNsakwgOZ27SID
A&q=PRESENT+SCENARIO+OF+CHICAGO++IN+ARCHITECTURE+&oq=PRESENT+SCENARIO+OF+
CHICAGO++IN+ARCHITECTURE
•http://burnhamplan100.lib.uchicago.edu/history_future/plan_of_chicago/
•https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-H-Burnham

Sir Daniel Burnham

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Sir Daniel Burnham

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SIR DANIEL BURNHAM

BUDHA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

• HE WAS RAISED IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

• BEST KNOWN FOR HIS SKYSCRAPERS AND CITY PLANNINGS

HIS FAMOUS WORKS INCLUDE-

1. UNION STATION IN WASHINGTON D.C.(1909)

HIS WORKING STYLE-

THE PROJECT WAS BEGUN IN 1906 BY

• HE WORKED WITH DANIEL IN PLANNING OF

FOREMOST AMONG THE PLAN'S

PLAN OF CENTRAL CHICAGO

The movement to purchase and

ALTHOUGH BURNHAM DIED IN 1912, THE PLAN OF CHICAGO WAS PROMOTED BY COMMERCIAL CLUB

Pittsburgh, PA Amtrak inter-city rail station

Location 1100 Liberty Avenue

• BURNHAM FOCUSSED ON DEVELOPMENT OF LIVEBLE CITIES FOCCUSSING ON THE

•IN THE PLAN OF CHICAGO , THE KEY PRINCIPLES USED WERE :

 IMPROVEMENT OF THE LAKEFRONT

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