CHAPTER 2

2.3 Process flow diagram (PFD)

2.4 Process and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)
PFD - Process Flow Diagram
The Process Flow Diagram - PFD, a schematic illustration of
the system

A PFD should include:

Process Piping
Major equipment symbols, names and identification numbers
Control valves and valves that affect operation of the system
Interconnection with other systems
Major bypass and recirculation lines
System ratings and operational values as minimum, normal and
maximum flow, temperature and pressure
Composition of fluids
Basics control loops, illustrating control strategy during normal
operation.
Process Flow Diagram
The Flow diagram shows all the essential parts of the process
and items of equipment in sufficient detail to enable the
analysis and calculation of the physical characteristics of the
system to be undertaken

A Process Flow Diagram is a diagram of a fluid flow system

showing the equipment items connected by the major
process pipes and containing data on the essential process
control circuits or major process requirements.

The drawing is not to scale and the equipment items are

represented by symbols.  The main equipment items and flow
streams should be identified and included in tables which
identify process requirements in sufficient detail to enable
production of the Piping and Instrument Diagrams
A Process Flow Diagram - PFD shows the relationships between
the major components in the system.
PFD also tabulate process design values for the components in
different operating modes, typical minimum, normal and maximum.
A PFD does not show minor components, piping systems, piping
ratings and designations
The basic information provided by a PFD
can be categorized into one of the following:

1.Process topology
2.Stream information
3.Equipment information
 Process topology
• The topology of the process-showing the
connectivity of all the streams and
equipment.
 Process topology

Skeleton Process Flow Diagram (PFD) for the Production of Benzene

via the Hydrodealkylation of Toluene
Equipment Numbering
 Equipment Numbering

Conventions Used for Identifying Process Equipment

• T-905 is the 5th tower in unit nine hundred
• P-301 A/B is the 1st Pump in the three hundred plus a spare

Use univocal letters for new equipment

• example: Turbine use Tb or J not T
• Replace old vessel V302 with a new one of different design –use V-
319(e.g.) not V-302. since it may be confuse with original V-302
Equipment Numbering
As an example of how to use this information, consider the unit operation P-101A/B and what
each number or letter means.

•P-101A/B identifies the equipment as a pump.

•P-101A/B indicates that the pump is located in area 100 of the plant.
•P-101A/B indicates that this specific pump is number 01 in unit 100.
•P-101A/B indicates that a backup pump is installed. Thus, there are two identical pumps P-
101A and P-101B. One pump will be operating while the other is idle.

Along the top of the PFD, each piece of process equipment is assigned a descriptive name, it
can be seen that Pump P-101 is called the “toluene feed pump.” This name will be commonly
used in discussions about the process and is synonymous with P-101 .
 Stream information
• The direction of the stream is identified by one or more arrowheads.
• The process stream numbers are used to identify streams on the PFD
• Utilities are needed services that are available at the plant. Chemical plants
are provided with a range of central utilities that include electricity,
compressed air, cooling water, refrigerated water, steam, condensate
return, inert gas for blanketing, chemical sewer, waste water treatment, and
flares
Conventions for Identifying Process and Utility Streams
The stream information that is normally given in a flow summary table

Information Provided in a Flow Summary

Since diagram are small, not much stream information can be included
•Include important data-around reactors and tower, etc
•Stream information is added to the diagram by attaching “information flags.” The shape of the flags
indicates the specific information provided on the flag.
Basic Control Loop
Basic Instrumentation Symbols
Basic Instrumentation Symbols
 Equipment Information

•The final element of the PFD is the equipment summary.

•This summary provides the information necessary to
estimate the costs of equipment and furnish the basis for
the detailed design of equipment.
•Equipments are identified by number and a label (name)
positioned above the equipment on the PFD
•Basic date such as size and key date are included in
separate table
 Equipment Descriptions for PFD and PIDs
Provides the information needed for the equipment summary for most of the
equipment encountered in fluid processes.
• The information presented in previous Table is
used in preparing the equipment summary
portion of the PFD for the benzene process.
• Combining Topology, Stream Data, and
Control Strategy to Give a PFD
P&ID - Piping and Instrumentation
Diagram
P&ID - Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram - P&ID, is a schematic

illustration of functional relationship of piping, instrumentation
and system equipment components

•Contains plant construction information

Piping and Instrument Diagrams
The P & I diagram allows the design to progress from the "Process Flow
Sheet / System and Piping diagram" to the final system design and
installation stage.

The P&ID are definitive and comprehensive diagrams showing all of the
equipment, piping, valves and instrumentation.

All items to be identified using a standard numbering systems.

This normally entails having a unique plant item number for each item of
equipment, valve, instrument and line.

Ideally the line number should include a size, material and fluid contents
identifier to enable the anyone reading the drawing to obtain this
information without having to refer to other documents.
 Piping and Instrument Diagrams ( Continue)
An Engineering line should include :

Mechanical equipment with names and numbers

Instruments with identification and necessary interfaces with control loops
Interconnecting piping, sizes and identification
Valves with identifications
Vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers and increasers
Flow directions
Interface tags to other ELD's
Control interfaces, inputs and outputs.
 Piping and Instrument Diagrams ( Continue

 Main plant interlocks.

 Identification of symbols used
 Reference list including identification of relevant PFD's

 The symbols used to be in accordance with identified standards and should clearly
indicate the type of component, the method of connection (screwed, flanged etc) and
and the status (Valves - Normally Closed, Normally Open).

 The method of operating equipment items should be clearly identified (electric motor,
pneumatic actuator).

 It is not generally necessary to identify services and electrical supplies to the

operators
Look at V- 102 on P&ID
The P&ID is the last stage of process design and serves as a guide for
those who will be responsible for the final design and construction.
Based on this diagram.

1. Mechanical engineers and civil engineers will design and install

pieces of equipment.
2. Instrument engineers will specify, install, and check control systems.
3. Piping engineers will develop plant layout and elevation drawings.
4. Project engineers will develop plant and construction schedules.
THE END