Intermolecular

Forces
 Overview
• There are 2 types of attraction in
molecules: intramolecular bonds &
intermolecular forces
• We have already looked at intramolecular
bonds (ionic, polar, non-polar)

2
 Overview
• There are 2 types of attraction in molecules:
intramolecular bonds & intermolecular
forces
Intramolecular Bond/Attraction

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 Intramolecular forces
force that hold atoms in a single molecule or a
force of attraction within a molecule
Electronegativity Difference Intramolecular Forces

0 Non Polar Covalent

up to 1.8 Polar Covalent

1.9 and above Ionic

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Intramolecular forces

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Intramolecular forces

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Intramolecular forces

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 Intermolecular Forces
• Intermolecular forces (IMF) have to do
with the attraction between molecules

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 Intermolecular Forces
▧Intermolecular forces
may be attractive or
repulsive.
▧Johannes D van der
Waals, Dutch, was the
first to postulate
intermolecular forces
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 Intermolecular Forces
• an attraction between two or more separate
molecules.
• are the result of attractions between positively
and negatively charged regions of separate
molecules.
• They are not as strong as intramolecular force
(chemical bonds).
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Intermolecular Forces

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 Intermolecular Forces
Four main types of intermolecular
forces:
1. Ion-ion interaction
2. Dipole-dipole interaction
3. Hydrogen bonding
4. Dispersion forces also known as
London forces 12
 Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
Ion-ion interaction exists between oppositely
charged ions.
When one element loses electrons, it resulted to a net
positive charge. The element is now called cation
When one element accept electrons, it resulted to a net
negative charge. The element is now called anion.
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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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 Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
• The strength of ion-ion interaction is
inversely proportional to the square of
distance between the ions.
• This is the strongest intermolecular force.

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 Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
The force of attraction F is directly
proportional to the charges (q1 and q2) on
the two ions and on the distance r between
them.

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 Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
The distance between the charges r is the
sum of the ionic radii.

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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 Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
So the greatest
attractions
will be
between ions
that have the
smallest radii.
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20
 
Which one of the following compounds can be
expected to have the highest attraction?

a. MgO

b. NaF

c. CaO
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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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 Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
Ion-ion interaction exists between oppositely
charged ions.
It occurs between ionic compounds.
Most ion-ion interaction is strong and
compounds which have them have high
melting and boiling points.
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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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 Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Interaction
• Occurs between polar
molecules.
• This is due to the
partial positive pole
and the partial
negative pole of the
molecule.
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 Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Interaction
• Average dipole-dipole interaction is
relatively weak, around 4kJ/mol.
• This interaction is effective over a very
short range.
• The strength of dipole-dipole interaction
is inversely proportional to distance raised
to
the fourth power (d4).
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 Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Iodine Monochloride
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 Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Acetone
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 Intermolecular Forces

Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-
dipole interaction.
• Hydrogen bond occurs in polar
molecules containing H and any one of

the highly electronegative elements, in

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31
32
33
34
35
36
 Intermolecular Forces

Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen tends to be strongly
positive due to the strong tendencies
of F, O, or N to attract the electron
towards it.
1 to 3 electrons in the outermost shells - donate/give up
4 – 7 electrons in the outermost shells – gain/accept

37
 Intermolecular Forces

Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bonding is also very important to life
in general as the H-bond prevents water from
quickly evaporating into the atmosphere.
• In freezing temperature, the H-bond causes the
water molecules to form a crystal lattice
thereby increasing its volume.
• This is why ice floats on water.

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 Intermolecular Forces

Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bonding is also very important to life
in general as the H-bond prevents water from
quickly evaporating into the atmosphere.
• In freezing temperature, the H-bond causes the
water molecules to form a crystal lattice
thereby increasing its volume.
• This is why ice floats on water.

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 Intermolecular Forces

Dispersion Forces or London Forces

• Dispersion force is present in all
molecules.
• It is the only force present in nonpolar
molecules
• It is very weak and acts in very small
distances.
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 Intermolecular Forces

Dispersion Forces or London Forces

• It is formed due to the attraction
between the positively charged
nucleus of an atom with the negatively
charged electron cloud of a nearby
atom.

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 Intermolecular Forces

Dispersion Forces or London Forces

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Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
yellow is found between green and and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
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