Instruction Format

• Stored program concept.

• Computer program describes the steps to be
performed for carrying out a computational task.
• A computer program is a set of instruction
• Fields – instruction is divided into groups
• The common fields are
– Operation code – action that the processor must execute
– Opcode-parameters of the action(location or operands)
Instruction format

Example : ADD command

 INSTRUCTION SET
• Set of instructions that the processor
understands
• Set of all basic operations that a processor can
accomplish.
• Language that the processor understand
• EX :
– ADD A,B
– MOV B,A
– RAR
 INSTRUCTION CYCLE
• The series of steps for executing an instruction
by CPU.
• 4 steps
– Fetching
– Decoding
– Executing
– Storing
 4 type of instructions
• Memory access or transfer of data between
registers
– Mov B,A
• Arithmetic instructions
– Add B
• Logic instructions
– AND,OR
• Control and conditional instructions
– JMP,JC
Pipelining improves instruction execution speed by putting the execution steps into
parallel. A CPU can receive a single instruction, begin executing it, and receive
another instruction before it has completed the first. This allows for more instructions
to be performed, about, one instruction per clock cycle.
• Parallel Processing is the simultaneous
execution of instructions from the same
program on different processors. A program is
divided into multiple processes that are
handled in parallel in order to reduce
execution time.
 BUS
• Set of electronic signal pathways that allows
information to travel between components inside
or outside of a computer.
• A bus is a set of wires used for interconnection,
where each wire can carry one bit of data.

• 2 types
– Internal (System Bus)
– External Bus(Expansion bus)
 External Bus
• Connects different external devices ,
peripheral , expansion slots and I/O ports to
the rest of computers

• Allows expansion of computer’s capability

• Slower than internal bus(System Bus)
• Also referred as expansion bus
 System bus types
• Data bus – used to transfer data between I/O devices and
CPU
– EISA
– PCI
– AGP
– USB
• Address Bus – Carries the
address of different I/O device
to be accessed
• Control Bus – used to carry
read/write commands, status of I/O devices etc.
 Assignment 2
Internet: evolution and uses.
Submission date :23-10-2019
submit hard copy of assignment (5 pages)
Font size 12 with 1.5 line spacing.
Also mention reference of data collected