GENDER(ELEC

&121)SOCIETY
I. INTRODUCTION TO GENDER & SEXUALITY
A. Sex & Gender Meaning and Characteristics
B. Gender Role Socialization
C. Gender Stereotypes
D. SOGIE
E. Sexism
 Sex
vs.
Gender
SEX refers to physiological
differences found among male,
female, and various intersex bodies
such as the genitalia and genetic
differences.
PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
These are the physical characteristics directly
involved in reproduction, such as the sex organs.
are present at birth and comprise the
external and internal genitalia
 MALE PRIMARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
EXTERNAL GENITALIA:
PENIS & TESTIS
FEMALE PRIMARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
INTERNAL GENITALIA:
VAGINA & OVARIES
MALE HORMONES
Testosterone is the key male
sex hormone responsible
for the development of male
sexual characteristics. It
regulates fertility, muscle
mass, fat distribution, and
red blood cell production.
FEMALE HORMONES
In females, the ovaries
and adrenal glands are the
main producers of sex
hormones. Female sex
hormones include estrogen,
progesterone, and small
quantities of testosterone.
MALE CHROMOSOMES
Males have two different
kinds of sex chromosomes
(XY), and are called the
heterogametic sex. It is also
found in most mammals as
well as some reptiles and
plants.
 FEMALE CHROMOSOMES
Females have two a same set of sex
chromosomes (XX), and are called
the homogametic sex. In humans,
the presence of the Y chromosome is
responsible for triggering male
development; in the absence of the
Y chromosome, the fetus will
undergo female development.
SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
These appears during puberty. It is caused by
hormones released at the time of puberty, which
usually is around two years earlier in girls than in
boys.
 Can you
determine the
sex of these
babies just by
looking at
this picture?
MALE SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
•Growth of facial and body hair, including
underarm, abdominal, chest hair and pubic hair.
•Angular features (i.e. square jaw, triangular mid
region)
•Increased stature; adult males are taller than
adult females, on average.
•Broadening of shoulders and chest; shoulders
wider than hips.
•Enlargement of larynx (Adam's apple) and
deepening of voice.
FEMALE SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
• Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples.
•Growth of body hair, most prominently
underarm and pubic hair.
•Widening of hips;lower waist to hip ratio than
adult males.
•Labia minora, the inner lips of the vulva, may
grow more prominent and undergo changes in
color with the increased stimulation related to
higher levels of estrogen.
 Intersex is a general term used for a variety
of conditions in which a person is born with
a reproductive or sexual anatomy that
doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of
female or male.
Intersex can be divided into 4 categories:

1. 46, XX intersex

2. 46, XY intersex

3. True gonadal intersex

4. Complex or undetermined intersex

1.) 46, XX INTERSEX
The person has the chromosomes of a
woman, the ovaries of a woman, but external
(outside) genitals that appear male. The labia
are joined and the clitoris enlarges to appear
like a penis.
2.) 46, XY INTERSEX
The person has the chromosomes of a man,
but the external genitals are incompletely
formed, ambiguous, or clearly female.
3.) TRUE GONADAL INTERSEX
The person must have both ovarian and testicular
tissue. This may be in the same gonad (an
ovotestis), or the person might have 1 ovary and 1
testis. The person may have XX chromosomes, XY
chromosomes, or both. The external genitals may be
ambiguous or may appear
to be female or male.
4.) COMPLEX OR UNDETERMINED
INTERSEX DISORDERS OF SEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT
Many chromosome configurations like 45, XO
(only one X chromosome), and 47, XXY, 47, XXX
do not result in a condition where there is
discrepancy between internal and external genitalia.
However, there may be problems with sex hormone
levels, overall sexual development, and altered
numbers of sex chromosomes.
The WHO defines GENDER as the socially
constructed characteristics of women and
men, such as norms, roles, and relationships
of and between groups of women and men.
It varies from society
to society and can be
changed.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEX &
GENDER
SEX GENDER

Physiological Social and Cultural

Related to reproduction Learned Behavior

Congenital Changes over time

GENDER ROLE
SOCIALIZATION
It is defined as the process of learning and
internalizing cultural approved ways of thinking,
feeling, and behaving. It starts as soon as one is
born and manifests from the color
associated with one’s gender to the
roles ones sees his or her
gender performs the most.
CHILD REARING PROCESS
A. Manipulation

B. Canalization

C. Activity Exposure

D. Verbal Apellation
A. Manipulation
It is the process of handling boys
and girls differently even as infants.
Example:
Boys = tossed up in the air
Girls = handled like delicate porcelains
B. Canalization
Exposing children to gender
appropriate objects.
Example:Toys
Boys = Cars
Girls = Dolls
C. ACTIVITY EXPOSURE
Exposing children to gender
appropriate tasks or activities.
Example:
Boys = Lifting, mechanical activities
Girls = Household chores
D. VERBAL APPELLATION
The process of telling children what
they are and what is expected of them
Example:
Boys = Doesnt cry, doesnt hit girls
Girls = Pretty, Beautiful
PERCEPTIONS OF GEDER
A. External
Regulations

B. Internalized

Self - Control
 EXTERNAL REGULATIONS
It involves various institutions dictating
what is proper and normal base don one’s
gender
identity.
 INTERNALIZED SELF -
CONTROL
It causes a person to police himself
or herself according to society’s
standards
and norms.
GENDER STEREOTYPES
It is a generalised view or preconception about
attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are
or ought to be possessed by,
or performed by women and men. It
develops when differen institutions reinforce a
biased perception of a certain gender’s role.
TYPES OF GENDER
STEREOTYPES
1. Sexual Stereotypes - it involves
assumptions regarding a person’s
sexuality that reinforce dominant views.
For example, a prevalent view is that
all men are sexually dominant
Another notion is heteronormativity.
TYPES OF GENDER
STEREOTYPES
2. Sex Stereotypes - they are generalized
view of traits that should be possessed by
men and women, specifically physical and
emotional roles. These stereotypes are
unrelated to the roles women
and men actually perform.
TYPES OF GENDER
STEREOTYPES
3. Sex- role Stereotypes - it encompass the
roles that men and women are assigned to
be based on their sex and what behaviors
they must posses to fulfill these
roles.
REPRESENTATION OF MEN
Masculinity
 Sexual Orientation,
Gender Identity and
Expression (SOGIE)
 SEXUAL ORIENTATION
It describes to whom a person is sexually
attracted. Some people are attracted to people of a
particular gender; others are attracted to people of
more than one gender. Some are not attracted to
anyone.
 ASEXUAL Hi, Can I

They are not sexually

get your

attracted to anyone
number?
x
and/or no desire to act
on attraction to anyone.
Does not necessarily
mean sexless.
BISEXUAL
They are attracted to
people of one’s own
gender and people of
other gender(s).
GAY
It generally refers to a
man who is attracted to
men.
LESBIAN
It refers to a a woman
who is attracted to
women.
PANSEXUAL / FLUID
They are attracted to all
people regardless of
gender.
QUESTIONING
One who may be unsure
of, reconsidering, or
chooses to hold off
identifying their sexual
identity or gender
expression or identity.
QUEER
It is an umbrella term which
embraces a matrix of sexual
preferences, gender
expressions, and habits that
are not of the heterosexual,
heteronormative, or gender-
binary majority.
STRAIGHT
People who are
attracted to their
“opposite” sex. They
are also called as
heterosexual.
 GENDER IDENTITY AND
EXPRESSION
It describes to whom a person is sexually
attracted. Some people are attracted to people of a
particular gender; others are attracted to people of
more than one gender. Some are not attracted to
anyone.