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Ac Circuits: A Powerpoint Presentation by Biju Mathew
Ac Circuits: A Powerpoint Presentation by Biju Mathew
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Biju Mathew
Biju Mathew 1
Objectives:
• Describe the sinusoidal variation in ac
current and voltage, and calculate their
effective values.
• Write and apply equations for calculating
the inductive and capacitive reactance's for
inductors and capacitors in an ac circuit.
• Describe, with diagrams and equations, the
phase relationships for circuits containing
resistance, capacitance, and inductance.
Alternating Currents
An
An alternating
alternating current
current such
such as
as that
that produced
produced
by
by aa generator
generator has
has no
no direction
direction in
in the
the sense
sense
that
that direct
direct current
current has.
has. The
The magnitudes
magnitudes vary
vary
sinusoidally
sinusoidally with
with time
time as
as given
given by:
by:
AC-voltage Vmax
and current
imax
v = Vmax sin q time, t
i = imax sin q
Rotating Vector Description
The
The coordinate
coordinate of of the
the emf
emf atat any
any instant
instant isis the
the
value
value of
of V
Vmax
max
sin
sin q.
q. Observe
Observe for
for incremental
incremental
angles.
angles. SameSame isis true for ii..
true for
E
v E Emax sin q
v=V
Radius
R = =Emax
Vmax
Effective AC Current
The average current imax I = imax
in a cycle is zero—
half + and half -.
But energy is expended,
regardless of direction.
So the “root-mean- I2 I
I rms
square” value is useful. 2 0.707
iieffeff == 0.707
0.707 iimax
max VVeffeff == 0.707
0.707 VVmax
max
iimax
max== 14.14
14.14 AA VVmax
max== 170
170 VV
The ac
The ac voltage
voltage actually
actually varies
varies from
from +170
+170 VV toto
-170 VV and
-170 and the
the current
current from
from 14.1
14.1 AA to
to –14.1
–14.1
A.
A.
Pure Resistance in AC Circuits
R Vmax Voltage
A V
imax Current
a.c. Source
Voltage
Voltage and
and current
current are
are in
in phase,
phase, and
and Ohm’s
Ohm’s
law
law applies
applies for
for effective
effective currents
currents and
and voltages.
voltages.
t Time, t t Time, t
a.c.
The
The voltage
voltage peaks
peaks 90900before
0
before the
the current
current peaks.
peaks.
One
One builds
builds as
as the
the other
other falls
falls and
and vice
vice versa.
versa.
XL = 226 W
120 V, 60 Hz
Veff 120V
ieff iieffeff == 0.531
0.531 AA
X L 226
Show that the peak current is Imax = 0.750 A
AC and Capacitance
Qmax q Capacitor i Capacitor
I
0.63 I Rise in Current
Charge 0.37 I Decay
t Time, t t Time, t
a.c.
The
The voltage
voltage peaks
peaks 90900after
0
after the
the current
current peaks.
peaks.
One
One builds
builds as
as the
the other
other falls
falls and
and vice
vice versa.
versa.
The
The diminishing current ii builds
diminishing current builds charge
charge on on CC
which
which increases
increases the
the back
back emf
emf of
of VVC.C.
Capacitive Reactance
Energy gains and losses C
are also temporary for
A V
capacitors due to the
constantly changing ac
current. a.c.
No net power is lost in a complete cycle, even
though the capacitor does provide nonresistive
opposition (reactance) to the flow of ac current.
i
VL Ohm’s law: VC = ieffXC
2 fL
Example 3: A 2-mF capacitor is connected to
a 120-V, 60 Hz ac source. Neglecting
resistance, what is the effective current
through the coil?
1 C = 2 mF
Reactance: X C
2 fC A
1 V
XC
2 (60 Hz)(2 x 10 F)
-6
120 V, 60 Hz
XC = 1330 W
Veff 120V
ieff iieffeff == 90.5
90.5 mA
mA
X C 1330
Show that the peak current is imax = 128 mA
Memory Aid for AC Elements
An old, but very “E L i”
effective, way to the
remember the phase “I C E”
differences for inductors man
and capacitors is :
“E L I” the “i C E” Man
Emf
Emf EE isis before current ii in
before current in inductors
inductors L;
L;
Emf
Emf EE isis after current ii in
after current in capacitors
capacitors C.
C.
Frequency and AC Circuits
Resistance R is constant and not affected by f.
1
Inductive reactance XL X L 2 fL XC
varies directly with 2 fC
frequency as expected
R, X
since E µ Di/Dt.
XC XL
Capacitive reactance XC varies R
inversely with f since rapid ac
allows little time for charge to
build up on capacitors. f
Series LRC Circuits
VT Series ac circuit
A
a.c.
L R C
VL VR VC
Consider
Consider an inductor LL,, aa capacitor
an inductor capacitor CC,, and
and
resistor RR all
aa resistor all connected
connected in in series
series with
with an
an
ac
ac source.
source. The
The instantaneous
instantaneous current
current and
and
voltages
voltages can
can bebe measured
measured with with meters.
meters.
Phase in a Series AC Circuit
The voltage leads current in an inductor and lags
current in a capacitor. In phase for resistance R.
V V = Vmax sin q
VL
q 1800 2700 3600
VL - VC VT
VT VR2 (VL VC ) 2
q
VR VL VC
tan
VR
VT i R 2 ( X L X C ) 2
Impedance in an AC Circuit
Impedance
VT i R 2 ( X L X C ) 2
XL - XC Z
f Impedance Z is defined:
R
Z R 2 ( X L X C )2
calculate the IS
impedance for
thecircuit: R = 1 kΩ
VS
L = 2.7 H
f = 2 kHz
C = 1 nF
or
Next >
Calculating Impedance
Example calculation IS
of impedance for
this circuit: R = 1 kΩ
Z = √ R 2 + (XC – XL) 2 VS
L = 2.7 H
f = 2 kHz
First we calculate XC :
C = 1 nF
1
XC =
2πfC
1
XC =
6.284 × 2 kHz × 1nF
1
XC = Ω
6.284 × 2 × 10 × 1 × 10
3 -9
XC = 79,567 Ω or 79.57 kΩ
Next >
Calculating Impedance
R = 1 kΩ
XL = 2πfL
VS
L = 2.7 H
f = 2 kHz
XL = 6.284 × 2 kHz × 2.7 H
C = 1 nF
XL = 6.284 × 2 × 10 3 × 2.7 Ω
XL = 33.93 kΩ
Next >
Calculating Impedance
R = 1 kΩ
Z = √ R 2 + (XC – XL) 2
VS
L = 2.7 H
f = 2 kHz
Insert the known values:
C = 1 nF
XC – XL = 79.57 kΩ – 33.93 kΩ
Z = 45.65 kΩ
Next >
Example 3: A 60-W resistor, a 0.6 H inductor, and
an 8mF capacitor are connected in series with a
120-V, 60 Hz ac source. Calculate the impedance
for this circuit.
1 0.6 H
X L 2 fL and X C
2 fC
A 8 mF
X L 2 (60Hz)(0.6 H) = 226 120 V
1
XC 332
2 (60Hz)(8 x 10 F)
-6 60 Hz 60 W
60 W
f XL – XC = 226 – 332 = -106 W
-106 W X L XC
Z R = 60 W tan
R
106
tan ff = -60.5
= -60.5
00
60
The
The negative
negative phase
phase angle
angle means
means that
that the
the acac
voltage
voltage lags the current by 60.5 .. This
lags the current by 60.5 00
This isis
known
known asas aa capacitive
capacitive circuit.
circuit.
Resonant Frequency
Because
Because inductance
inductance causes
causes the
the voltage
voltage to to lead
lead
the
the current
current and
and capacitance
capacitance causes
causes itit to
to lag
lag the
the
current,
current, they
they tend
tend to
to cancel
cancel each
each other
other out.out.
Resonant fr 1 1
2 fL fr
XL = XC 2 fC 2 LC
Example 5: Find the resonant frequency for the
previous circuit example: L = .5 H, C = 8 mF
1 Resonance XL = XC
fr
2 LC 0.5 H
1 A
f 8 mF
2 (0.5H)(8 x 10 F
-6
120 V
Resonant
Resonant ffrr == 79.6
79.6 Hz
Hz ? Hz 60 W
At
At resonant
resonant frequency,
frequency, there
there isis zero
zero reactance
reactance (only
(only
resistance)
resistance) and
and the
the circuit
circuit has
has aa phase
phase angle
angle of
of zero.
zero.
Example 6: What is the average power loss for
the previous example: V = 120 V, f = -60.50,
i = 90.5 A, and R = 60W .
P = i2R = (0.0905 A)2(60 W) Resonance XL = XC
0.5 H
Average
Average PP == 0.491
0.491 W
W
A 8 mF
The power factor is: Cos 60.50 120 V
Cos ff =
Cos = 0.492
0.492 or
or 49.2%
49.2% ? Hz 60 W
The
The higher
higher the the power
power factor,
factor, the
the more
more
efficient
efficient isis the
the circuit
circuit in
in its
its use
use of
of acac power.
power.
Summary
Effective current: iieffeff =
Effective current: 0.707 iimax
= 0.707 max
X L XC
Z R (X L XC )
2 2 tan
R
VT 1
VT iZ or i fr
Z 2 LC
Summary (Cont.)
Power in AC Circuits:
In terms of ac voltage: In terms of the resistance R:
PP == iV cos ff
iV cos PP == ii22RR
CONCLUSION
AC Circuits