Dr.

Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Lecture 2
Small Signal Model
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

Amplifier Circuit

1. The mode of operation in active mode

2. Input signal to be amplified is represented by voltage source vbe
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

1. We have to consider DC bias condition by setting signal vbe  0

Then,
I C  I S exp(VBE / VT )
And,

IC   I E

IC   I B

VCE  VCC  I C RC
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

2. Now if input signal is applied vbe  0

Then,
vBE  VBE  vbe

And,
iC  I S exp(vBE / VT )
iC  I S exp((VBE  vbe ) / VT )
iC  I S exp(VBE / VT ) exp(vbe / VT )

iC  I C exp(vbe / VT )
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

2. Now if input signal is applied vbe  0

Now, if i/p signal

vbe  VT I.e. vbe  10mV
Then,
vbe
iC  I C (1  )
VT
The total collector current can be written as
vbe
iC  I C  IC
VT
Collector current is composed of DC current and
AC current component
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

2. Now if input signal is applied vbe  0

vbe
iC  I C  IC
VT
Can be compared with
vbe
iC  I C  ic where ic  IC
VT

And can be written as ic  g m vbe

Whereg m is transconductance
IC
gm 
VT
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

2. Now if input signal is applied vbe  0

gm  IC
i.e. collector Bias current
as ic  g m vbe
ic
gm 
vbe
i.e.
ic
gm 
vbe iC  IC
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

Small signal approximation implies keeping the signal amplitude

sufficiently small so that operation is restricted for almost linear segment of
ic-vBE exponential curve

Ideally this configuration is Voltage Controlled Current Source

Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

3. Now calculating base Current and i/p resistance

We know,
vbe
iC  I C  IC
VT
And dividing complete equation by 
iC I C 1 vbe
  IC
   VT
1 vbe 1 vbe
iB  I B  IC then ib  IC
 VT  VT
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

3. Now calculating base Current and i/p resistance

Then,
gm
ib  vbe

Now, we are looking for the small-signal input resistance for that
we are looking from base
vbe  IC
r  So, r  As, gm 
ib gm VT
Input base resistance is inversely proportional to the collector bias current
VT
And can be written as r 
IB
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

3. Now calculating base Current and i/p resistance

Then,
gm
ib  vbe

Now, we are looking for the small-signal input resistance for that
we are looking from base
vbe  IC
r  So, r  As, gm 
ib gm VT
Input base resistance is inversely proportional to the collector bias current
VT
And can be written as r 
IB
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

4. Calculating emitter current and i/p resistance at emitter

vbe
iC  I C  IC
VT
And dividing complete equation by 
iC I C 1 vbe
  IC
   VT
1 vbe 1 vbe IE
iE  I E  IC then ie  I C  vbe
 VT  VT VT
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

4. Now calculating base Current and i/p resistance

Now, we are looking for the small-signal input resistance for that
we are looking from emitter

vbe VT
re  So, re  As, IC   I E
ie IE

VT  1
re   
IC gm gm
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

5. Relationship between i/p base current and i/p emitter current

vbe vbe
We know r  re 
ib ie

vbe  ib r  reie
i.e.
ie
r  re I E  IC  I B
ib As,
I E  (   1) I B
Can be written as,
r  (   1)re
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

vbe
vbe re 
r  ie
ib
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

6. Voltage gain

Input signal is vbe

Configuration is VCCS with output current ic  g m vbe
The o/p current can be forced to flow through a resistance and
provide o/p voltage

vCE  VCC  iC RC Then,

vCE  VCC  ( I C  ic ) RC vce  ic RC   g m vbe RC

vCE  (VCC  I C RC )  ic RC vce  ( g m RC )vbe
vCE  VCE  ic RC
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

6. Voltage gain

Input signal is vbe

output signal is vce

Then voltage gain of the amplifier is vce  ( g m RC )vbe

vce IC
Av    g m RC For gm 
vbe VT

then
vce I C RC
Av  
vbe VT
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

7. Hybrid-pi-model

Input signal is vbe output signal is vce

vbe
Configuration is VCCS ic  g m vbe ib 
r
ie  ic  ib
vbe
ie  g m vbe 
r
vbe 
ie  (1  g m r ) As, r 
r gm
vbe vbe vbe
ie  (1   )  
r r re
1 
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

7. Hybrid-pi-model

Input signal is vbe output signal is vce

vbe
Configuration is VCCS ic  g m vbe ib 
r
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

7. Hybrid-pi-model

Configuration can be modified into current controlled current source

ic  g m vbe  g m (ib r )  ( g m r )ib   ib

Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

7. T-model

Input signal is vbe output signal is vce

vbe
Configuration is VCCS ic  g m vbe ie 
re
ib  ie  ic
vbe
ib   g m vbe 
re
vbe 
ib  (1  g m re ) As, re 
re gm
vbe vbe  vbe vbe
ie  (1   )  (1  )  
re re  1 (1   )re r
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

7. T-model

Input signal is vbe output signal is vce

vbe
Configuration is VCCS ic  g m vbe ie 
re
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

7. T-model

Configuration can be modified into current controlled current source

ic  g m vbe  g m (ie re )  ( g m re )ie   ie

Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

8. Steps for finding small signal equivalent circuit

Eliminate all signal source and analyse the DC circuit for determining
DC point of the BJT in particular DC collector current I C

Calculate values of small signal model parameters

IC  VT
gm  r  re 
VT gm IE

Eliminate all DC sources and find suitable model

vce
Analyse the resulting circuit and obtain desired quantities Av    g m RC
vbe
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Small Signal Operation and Models

9. Introducing Early voltage effect

Now,
vce   g m vbe ( RC  ro )

i.e. gain is reduced to avoid this RC  ro