Dr.

Hemant Kumar Bhatt

Lecture 3
BJT as an Amplifier
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier

We have already seen the essence of BJT as an amplifier by using large signal model

We have obtained almost linear-amplification by biasing BJT at an appropriate

point in active region of operation by keeping input signal very small.

Now, we will consider various possible configuration of BJT amplifiers

Types of configuration
1. Common Emitter
2. Common Base
3. Common Collector (or Emitter follower)
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization

Input Amplifier is fed with signal source

The amplifier circuit is two port network

Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization

Can be seen in equivalent circuit

1. Input Resistance vi Rin

Rin  and vi  vsig
ii Rin  Rsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization

Can be seen in equivalent circuit

2. Open Circuit Voltage vo

Avo 
vi RL 
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization

Can be seen in equivalent circuit

3. Output resistance vx
Ro 
ix vi  0
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization

then, the o/p voltage can be find out using

RL Avo vi vo RL Avo
vo    Av
RL  Ro vi RL  Ro
vo
Next is calculating overall gain  Gv
vsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization

vo
overall gain Gv 
vsig

Av 
vo vo vo vo Rin  Rsig Rin  Rsig
Av     Gv
vi vi Rin vsig Rin Rin
vsig
Rin  Rsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Amplifier Characterization

vo
overall gain Gv 
vsig
Rin
Gv  Av
Rin  Rsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Emitter Amplifier

Our interest lies to find out

following parameters

vi vo
Rin  Avo 
ii vi RL 

vx vo
Ro  Gv 
ix vsig
vi  0
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Emitter Amplifier

Replacing the circuit with hybrid-pi-model

Rin  r Ro  ro  RC
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Looking only in o/p side
Configurations

Common-Emitter Amplifier

For this case i/p is independent of o/p side

This is called unilateral amplifier

Now,

vo   g m v (ro  RC )
vo
Now, open circuit voltage gain
Avo 
vi RL 

 g m v (ro  RC )  g m v (ro  RC )
Avo     g m (ro  RC )
vi v
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Emitter Amplifier
vo
Finally calculating overall voltage gain Gv 
vsig
r vsig
vi  v  For load resistance RL Av   g m (ro  RC  RL )
r  Rsig

Then,

vo  g m v (ro  RC  RL ) r
Gv     gm (ro  RC  RL )
vsig vsig r  Rsig
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Emitter Amplifier summary:

 VT VT 
1. Rin  r    The value remain moderate to low.
gm I B IC

As input resistance is directly proportional to Dc collector current

Now to obtain higher input resistance DC collector current can be reduced

But this will also reduce gain

Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Emitter Amplifier summary:

2. Ro  RC The value remain moderate to high.

Reducing collector resistance will reduce gain

3. Avo   g m (ro  RC )   g m RC
Can be high, important reason for using CE configuration

But limits the bandwidth of CE amplifier

Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Base Amplifier

Our interest lies to find out

following parameters

vi vo
Rin  Avo 
ii vi RL 

vx vo
Ro  Gv 
ix vsig
vi  0
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Base Amplifier

Replacing the circuit with T-model

Effect ofro is neglected as it

will appear between i/p and o/p and
complicate the process

1. Input resistance

vi vi
Rin    re
ii ie

Value rofe is very small from few ohms to few tens of ohms
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Base Amplifier

2. Open circuit voltage gain

vo   ie RC
And,
vi VT VT 
ie   re   
re IE IC gm
Then,
vo 
Avo   RC  g m RC
vi re
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Base Amplifier

vx
3. The output resistance Ro 
ix vi  0
Ro  RC

4. Finding overall voltage gain

vo
Gv 
vsig
Considering for load resistance RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Base Amplifier

vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv 
vsig
Considering for load resistance RL
vo   ie ( RC  RL )

And,
vsig vsig
ie   
Rsig  Rin Rsig  re
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-Base Amplifier

vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv 
vsig
vsig
vo   ( )( RC  RL )
Rsig  re

vo RC  RL
Gv  
vsig Rsig  re
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

Our interest lies to find out

following parameters

vi vo
Rin  Avo 
ii vi RL 

vx vo
Ro  Gv 
ix vsig
vi  0
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

Replacing the circuit with T-model

Effect ofro is neglected as it will come

Parallel to the load resistance as R isLlow
ro
so can be neglected

1. Input resistance

vi vi
Rin  
ii ib
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

1. Input resistance

vi vi
Rin  
ii ib
ie  ib  ic ie  ib   ib ie  ib (1   )
ie vi
ib  and ie 
(1   ) (re  RL )
ie (re  RL )
Rin   (   1)(re  RL )
ie / (   1)
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

2. Open circuit voltage gain

But we will first find voltage gain Av

vo ie RL
Av  
vi ie (re  RL )

RL
Av 
re  RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

2. Open circuit voltage gain Avo

vo RL
Av  
vi re  RL
Now,

vo
Avo  then Avo  1
vi RL 
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

vx
3. The output resistance Ro 
ix vi  0
Ro  re

4. Finding overall voltage gain

vo
Gv 
vsig
Considering for load resistance RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv 
vsig
Considering for load resistance RL
vo  ie RL Rin vsig
vi 
Rsig  Rin
and,
vi Rin vsig
ie  
(re  RL ) ( Rsig  Rin )(re  RL )
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv 
vsig
vo ie RL Rin
Gv  
vsig ie ( Rsig  Rin )(re  RL )
vo RL Rin
Gv  
vsig ( Rsig  Rin )(re  RL )
RL (   1)(re  RL )
Gv 
( Rsig  (   1)(re  RL ))(re  RL )
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

vo
4. Finding overall voltage gain Gv 
vsig
RL (   1)(re  RL )
Gv 
( Rsig  (   1)( re  RL ))(re  RL )

RL (   1)
Gv 
Rsig  (   1)re  (   1) RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

For Example: i/p source is of 200mV with internal resistance of 100KOhm and
the load resistance is 2kOhm

If we directly put the source with load

200 200
i vi   2  2mV
100  2 100  2

Which is severe i/p distortion

Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

For Example: i/p source is of 200mV with internal resistance of 100KOhm and
the load resistance is 2kOhm
Alternate approach is to use an emitter follower amplifier between
the source and the load

Emitter follower gives a voltage gain of unity

This condition is valid when signal is sufficient in strength

For Rin  100 K  200 100

vi   100mV
R0  10 100  100
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

For Example: i/p source is of 200mV with internal resistance of 100KOhm and
the load resistance is 2kOhm

RL
Av 
RL  re

=99%
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

Gain of emitter follower can be used draw an equivalent circuit

v0 RL (   1)
Gv  
vsig Rsig  (   1)re  (   1) RL
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Configurations

Analysing Common-collector or Emitter Follower Amplifier

Gain of emitter follower can be used draw an equivalent circuit

v0 RL
Gv  
vsig Rsig
 re  RL
(   1)
Dr. Hemant Kumar Bhatt

BJT as an Amplifier
Summary

Rin Ro Avo Av Gv Ai
Configuration Input Output Open Circuit Voltage Gain Overall Voltage Gain Current Gain Current gain in
Impedance Impedance Voltage Gain absence of load

CE r ro  RC  g m (ro  RC )  g m (ro  RC  RL )  gm
r
(ro  RC  RL ) g m (ro  RC  RL )
r r
g m (ro  RC )   
r  Rsig ro  Rc ro  Rc

CB
re RC g m RC  RL RC  RL
g m RC   g m RC  RL
re
 g R
re
 
Rsig  re RC
m C
RC

CC or Emitter
follower re RL RL (   1) (  1)(re )
(   1)(re  RL )
1 Rsig  (   1)re  (   1) RL 
RL (   1)(re  RL )
 
re  RL re  RL re re