Module 6

Routing & Routing

Protocols

Version 3.1
 Routing

•The process that a router uses to forward packets

toward the destination network.
•A router makes this decision based on the
destination IP address
•If dynamic routing is used, routers have to learn
routes from other routers.
•If static routing is used, the administrator configures
this information into the router manually
oSo,
you might say that updates to a routing table
are made by the administrator.

Version 3.1
 Configuring Static Routes
with Outgoing Interface

Outgoing
interface

Administrative
distance of 1 -
default

Version 3.1
 Configuring Static Routes
with Next-hop IP Address

Next hop
interface

Administrative
distance of 1 -
default

Version 3.1
 Configuring Static Routes

•An administrator actually enters static routes into the routing

table.
•That makes them static route entries – because the router is not
“discovering” those routes.
•If for some reason that outgoing interface goes down or is not
available for some reason, then at that time the route will be
removed from the routing table.

show ip route shows the routing table.

The route would still be in the configuration (because it was entered
globally), but that route could now no longer be used by the router
because the interface it refers to is down for some reason.

Version 3.1
 Administrative Distance

•What is the default for a outgoing interface?

•What is the default for the next-hop address?
•Defaults can always be changed.
•Just make it higher if you want it to be a
“backup” route (lower numbers are preferred)

ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.188.4.1 120

Version 3.1
 S0 S0
192.168.2.1/24 192.168.4.1/24
Router A Router B Router C

S1 S1
192.168.2.2/24 192.168.4.2/24

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.5.0/24

What would you enter to configure a static route from

Router C to the LAN on Router A using outgoing
interface?
The LAN on Router B from Router A using next-hop?

Version 3.1
 Static Default Routes

•A router should be configured with a special type of

static route – a default route.
•This default route routes packets with destinations
that do not match any of the other routes in the routing
table
•It is a “gateway of last resort” that allows the router
to forward “destination unknown” packets out a
particular interface

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-hop-address | outgoing

interface]

Version 3.1
Default Route on non-directly connected
networks

Version 3.1
 Verifying a Default Route

•To verify a default route, use the following

commands:
oshow run to make sure you typed it in correctly
oshow ip route to make sure the router placed it in
the routing table.

Version 3.1
 Examine the show ip route Command

[Administrative distance / Hop count]

Version 3.1
Troubleshooting static route configuration

•Ping and traceroute should be used to test basic

connectivity.

•But before using ping and traceroute, it is a good

idea just to see if the physical interface is “up”.

•show interfaces
•show interface s0
•show interface s1
•show ip interface brief

Version 3.1
 Routed VS. Routing
•Routed protocols
are protocols that are
routed over an
Internetwork (IP,
AppleTalk, IPX)
•Routing protocols
use algorithms to
route routed protocols
through the
Internetwork (RIP,
IGRP, OSPF)

•Routed protocols are used BETWEEN routers to direct

traffic
•Routing protocols allow routers to share information about
known networks with other networks (their purpose)
Version 3.1
 Routing Protocol and Autonomous
System
•An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of networks
under a common administration sharing a common routing
strategy.
•The goal of a routing protocol is to build and maintain the
routing table.
•A routers learns about routes to a network by:
oGathering information from its own configuration
regarding directly connected networks.
oOther routers forward information about known
networks.
oManually entered routes by a network administrator.

Version 3.1
 Convergence

•When all routers in an Internetwork are operating with

the same knowledge, the Internetwork is said to have
converged.
•Fast convergence is desirable because it reduces the
period of time in which routers would continue to make
incorrect routing decisions.
•In routers that use dynamic routing protocols, it is
important to have fast convergence because routers could
make incorrect forwarding decisions until the network has
fully converged.
•A network has converged when the routers in the
network are operating with consistent routing knowledge.

Version 3.1
 S0 S0

Router A Router B Router C

E0
S1 E0 S1 E0

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.5.0/24

The routing table on these routers would be changed if

something happened to the links BETWEEN the routers (a serial
interface goes down for some reason). Anything that happens to
the Ethernet interfaces would not affect the routing tables.
Routing takes place between routers.

Version 3.1
 Distance Vector Routing

Neighbor to
neighbor
ONLY

Version 3.1
 Distance Vector Routing

Version 3.1
 Topology Changes (distance vector)

Routing table updates

take place when the
topology changes.
Router to router
(neighbor tells
neighbor)
Distance vector – each
router sends its entire
routing table to
neighbor table

Version 3.1
 Link-state Routing
•Shortest Path First (SPF)
•Flood routing information about it’s OWN links
•Analyze incoming routing update messages
•If the message indicates that a network change has
occurred, the routing software recalculates routes
and sends out new routing update messages
•These messages permeate the network, stimulating
routers to rerun their algorithms and change their
routing tables accordingly.
•After the initial flood, it passes small event-
triggered updates to all other routers

Version 3.1
 In Order to Converge, a Router in a Link-
State network must:
•Remember its neighbor’s name, when it’s link is up or down
(status), and the cost of the path to that router.
•Create an LSP (link-state packet) that lists its neighbor’s
name and relative costs.
•Send the newly created LSP to all other routers participating
in the link-state network.
•Receive LSPs from other routers and update its own
database. (Particularly when there are changes in the network)
•Build a complete map of the Internetwork’s topology from all
the LSPs received, then compute the best route to each
network destination.

Version 3.1
 Link-State Concerns
•Processor overhead
•Memory requirements (use more router resources
initially when flooding info)
•Bandwidth Consumption on initial flood

All of these are considerations when selecting a

routing protocol to be used over an enterprise
network.

Version 3.1
 The Routing Process

192.168.1.56
01-00-A5-C3-26-6B
•The protocol
address (IP) always
remains the same.
192.168.1.56
34-7E-33-12-C9-20

192.168.1.56
6A-5F-0D-09-8B-AA

•The physical
192.168.1.56
address (MAC)
BC-48-03-8F-FF-AA changes at each hop.

Version 3.1
 Routing Decisions

•The router uses the

network portion of the
address to choose the
best path
•Router “switches” the
packet to the best port
for forwarding using path
determination

Version 3.1
 Configuring a Router to Route

1.Specify routing protocol

•Router(config)#router rip
•or
•Router(config)#router igrp 200
•Next, use the network command to tell the router which
networks are directly connected to it.
•Router(config-router)#network 192.10.10.0
•Router(config-router)#network 192.10.5.0

•Notice that these network numbers are major

networks, not subnets.

Version 3.1
 Routing Protocols
•RIP
oDistance vector
oUses hop count as its only metric (15)
oBroadcasts routing updates every 30 seconds
•IGRP
oProprietary to Cisco, still a distance vector protocol
oUses bandwidth, load, reliability, & delay as its metrics
oBroadcasts routing updates every 90 seconds
•EIGRP
oCisco’s advanced distance vector interior routing protocol
oUses some distance vector and some link-state principles

Version 3.1
 Routing Protocols
•OSPF (initially advertisements are flooded)
oLink-state routing protocol
oRouting updates occur when there are topology changes
oAll routers in a OSPF domain would then adjust their routes
•BGP
oA distance vector exterior routing protocol
oRoutes traffic between 2 autonomous systems

Version 3.1
Border Gateway Protocol & Autonomous
Systems

Autonomous systems have an identifying number, which is assigned

to it by the American Registry of Internet Numbers (ARIN) or a
provider. This autonomous system number is a 16-bit number.
Version 3.1