Data Base Mgt.

Systems

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 Principles and Learning Objectives

• The database approach to data management

provides significant advantages over the traditional
file-based approach.

– Define general data management concepts and terms,

highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the
database approach to data management.
– Name three database models and outline their basic
features, advantages, and disadvantages.

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 Principles and Learning Objectives

• A well-designed and well-managed database is an

extremely valuable tool in supporting decision
making.

– Identify the common functions performed by all database

management systems and identify three popular end-user
database management systems.

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 Principles and Learning Objectives

• Further improvements in the use of database

technology will continue to evolve and yield real
business benefits.

– Identify and briefly discuss recent database

applications.

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 Introduction
• Data Management: In modern times the
success of a business organization is heavily
dependant on its ability to provide its mangers
and decision makers with timely, accurate and
relevant information based on data
• For data to be transformed into meaning full
information it must first be organized in a
meaning full way.

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 Data base &Database Management
systems
• What is a Data Base ?
• Data base is data organized in a manner which
facilitates easy access and retrieval of data
• What is a Data Base Management system(DBMS)?
• A group of programs that manipulates the data base
and provides an interface between the Data base
and the user of the data base and other application
programs

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 Data organization
• Data is generally organized in a hierarchy that
begins with the smallest piece of data used by
the computer (a bit)and progresses through
the hierarchy to a data base
• Character(Byte): Basic building blocks of
information, consisting upper case letters ,
lower case letters , numeric digits , or special
numbers

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• Field :Typically a name , number, or
combination of characters that describes an
aspect of a business object or activity
• Record : A collection of related data fields
• File : A collection of related records
• Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields,
records , files ,data base.

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The Hierarchy of Data

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• Entity: generalized class of people, or things, for
which data is collected stored and maintained
• Attribute: A characteristic of an entity
• Data item : The specific value of an attribute.
• Key: A field or a set of a fields in a record to identify
the record
• Primary key: A field or set of fields that
uniquely identifies the record.

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Keys and Attributes

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The Traditional Approach To Data
Management

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The Database Approach to Data Management

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Advantages of the Database Approach

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 Advantages of DBMS Approach
• Reduced data redundancy: Reduces duplication of data
and integrates data so that they can be accessed by
multiple programs and users
• Improved data integrity : Rely on the accuracy of the data
• Easier modifications and updating
• Data -program independence :Computer programming is
simplified , because programs are not dependant on either
the logical format of the data or their physical storage
location

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• Users are provide with an enquiry /response
and reporting capability that allows them to
easily obtain information they need without
having to write computer programs

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Disadvantages of the Database Approach

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 Entity Relation ships
How entities are related to each other
One to One : one instance of one entity is related to
only one instance of another entity

One to many : One instance of one entity is related to

one or more instances of another entity

Many to Many : Many instances of one entity are

related to many instances of another entity
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 Database Models

• Hierarchical (tree) Data is organized in a top -down tree or

inverted tree , structure.-Best suited for situations in which
logical relationships between data can be represented with a
many to one approach
• Net work :An expansion of the hierarchical data base model
with owner membership in which a member may have more
than one owner
Major deficiency : Once the relationships are established , it is
difficult to modify them or to create new relationships

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• Relational : A data base model that describes
data in which all data elements are placed in 2
dimensional tables, called relations , that
logically equivalent to files
• Advantage: Easy to create or modify
relationships

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Hierarchical Database Model

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Network Database Model

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Relational Database Model

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 Relational Models

Describe data using a standard tabular format with all data

elements placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations,
that are the logical equivalent of files.

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Linking Database Tables
to Answer an Inquiry

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Building and Modifying a Relational Database

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Database Management Systems

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 Using Data base Mgt Software
• A DBMS is a set of computer programs that
controls the creation , maintenance and use of
the data base
• Data base development -
• Database Interrogation
• Data base Maintenance
• Application development

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 Functions of a Data Base Management
Systems
• Providing user views
• Creating and modifying the data base
• Storing , retrieving and manipulating data
• Generating Reports

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 Providing a User View

• Schema - a description of the entire database

• Subschema - a file that contains a description of a
subset of the database and identifies which users can
modify the data items in that subset

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The Use of Schemas and Subschemas

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 Creating and Modifying the Database

• Data definition language (DDL) - a collection of

instructions and commands used to define and
describe data and data relationships in a specific
database

• Data dictionary – detailed description of data in a

database

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 Typical Uses of a Data Dictionary

• Provide a standard definition of terms and data elements

• Assist programmers in designing and writing programs
• Simplify database modification
• Reduce data redundancy
• Increase data reliability
• Speed program development
• Ease modification of data and information

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Storing and Retrieving Data

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Structured Query Language

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Database Output

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 Popular Database Management Systems

• Paradox database
• FileMaker Pro
• Microsoft Access
• Lotus 1-2-3 Spreadsheet
• ORACLE
• MS SQL Server

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Worldwide Database Market Share
(2001)

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 Selecting a Database Management System

• Database size: Depends on the number of records or

files in the data base
• Number of concurrent users :Refers to the number
of simultaneous users that can access the contents
of the database
• Performance: How fast the data base can up date
records

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• Integration :Ability to integrate with other
applications and data base
• Features :Security, privacy protection, Wizards
, ready to use templates etc.
• Vendor: Size reputation and financial stability
of the vendor
• Cost : Total cost of ownership– acquisition+
Training + Maintenance +Personnel
+additional hardware and software
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 Summary

• Data - one of the most valuable resources a firm possesses.

• Entity - a generalized class of objects for which data is
collected, stored, and maintained.
• Attribute - a characteristic of an entity.
• DBMS - a group of programs used as an interface between a
database and application programs.

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