PERSONALITY

(CHAPTER 2)

Created By:

Ng, Jennielyn
Lambo, Jerwin
Bangonon, Andelbert
WHAT PERSONALITY IS ?
 Personality, a characteristic way of 
thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality
embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions
and is most clearly expressed in
interactions with other people. It includes
behavioral characteristics, both inherent
and acquired, that distinguish one person
from another and that can be observed in
people’s relations to the environment and
to the social group.
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF
PERSONALITY?
There are 3 Components of Personality the ID, Ego, and Super Ego.
THE ID (OR IT)
 According to Freud's model of the psyche, the id is the
primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains
sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories.
 The id is the primitive and instinctive component of
personality. It consists of all the inherited (i.e., biological)
components of personality present at birth, including the
sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and
the aggressive (death) instinct - Thanatos.
 The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our
psyche which responds directly and immediately to the
instincts.
 The personality of the newborn child is all id and only later
does it develop an ego and super-ego.
 The id remains infantile in its function throughout a
persons life and does not change with time or experience,
as it is not in touch with the external world. The id is not
affected by reality, logic or the everyday world, as it
operates within the unconscious part of the mind.
 The id operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920)
which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be
satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences.
When the id achieves its demands, we experience pleasure
when it is denied we experience ‘unpleasure’ or tension.

 The id engages in primary process thinking, which is

primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented. This
form of process thinking has no comprehension of objective
reality, and is selfish and wishful in nature.
THE EGO (OR I)
 The ego is the realistic part that mediates between the
desires of the id and the super-ego.
 The ego is 'that part of the id which has been modified by
the direct influence of the external world.'
 The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and
the external real world. It is the decision-making
component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by reason,
whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable.
 The ego operates according to the reality principle, working
out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often
compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative
consequences of society. The ego considers social realities
and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave.
 Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure (i.e., tension
reduction) and avoids pain, but unlike the id, the
ego is concerned with devising a realistic strategy to
obtain pleasure. The ego has no concept of right or
wrong; something is good simply if it achieves its
end of satisfying without causing harm to itself or
the id.
 Often the ego is weak relative to the headstrong id,
and the best the ego can do is stay on, pointing the
id in the right direction and claiming some credit at
the end as if the action were its own.
THE SUPER EGO (OR ABOVE I)
 The super-ego operates as a moral conscience
 The superego incorporates the values and morals of society
which are learned from one's parents and others. It
develops around the age of 3 – 5 during the phallic stage
of psychosexual development.
 The superego's function is to control the id's impulses,
especially those which society forbids, such as sex and
aggression. It also has the function of persuading the ego
to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones
and to strive for perfection.
 The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and
the ideal self. The conscience can punish the ego through
causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the
 ego gives in to the id's demands, the superego may
make the person feel bad through guilt. The ideal
self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how
you ought to be, and represents career aspirations,
how to treat other people, and how to behave as a
member of society.

Although each part of the personality comprises

unique features, they interact to form a whole, and
each part makes a relative contribution to an
individual's behavior.
HOW PERSONALITY IS
REVEALED ?
Personality reveals when you observe a
person how he thinks, acts, and speaks. a
personality gets unique when you this
person as the strongest type among the
crowd, the one who is remarkable and
leaves a great or worse impression to you.
WHY IS THE STUDY OF
PERSONALITY IS IMPORTANT?
It can be useful in understanding how to observe your
natural impulses from an outside perspective, and by doing
this we can see how to either change them or embrace
them, instead of ignoring them. This study can also bring
awareness to the truth that there are many different types
of people who require certain sensitivities given the notion
that their reactions and habits (unfavorable or favorable)
are sometimes beyond themselves, and the world can be a
more peaceful place if everyone just knows that people
have personalities.
PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES
That people differ from each other is obvious. How and why they
differ is less clear and is the subject of the study of Individual
differences (IDs). Although to study individual differences seems
to be to study variance, how are people different, it is also to
study central tendency, how well can a person be described in
terms of an overall within-person average. Indeed, perhaps the
most important question of individual differences is whether
people are more similar to themselves over time and across
situations than they are to others, and whether the variation
within a single person across time and situation is less than the
variation between people. A related question is that of
similarity, for people differ in their similarities to each other.
Questions of whether particular groups (e.g., groupings by sex,
culture, age, or ethnicity) are more similar within than between
groups are also questions of individual differences.
Personality psychology addresses the questions of
shared human nature, dimensions of individual
differences and unique patterns of individuals.
Research in IDs ranges from analyses of genetic codes
to the study of sexual, social, ethnic, and cultural
differences and includes research on cognitive abilities,
interpersonal styles, and emotional reactivity. Methods
range from laboratory experiments to longitudinal field
studies and include data reduction techniques such as
Factor Analysis and Principal Components Analysis, as
well as Structural Modeling and Multi-Level Modeling
procedures. Measurement issues of most importance
are those of reliability and stability of Individual
Differences.
TECHNIQUES IN IMPROVING
PERSONALITY
1.Be a better listener. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was
considered one of the most charming women in the world
because she cultivated the skill of being an exceptional
listener. She was known for the way she would look a
person in the eyes, hang on their every word, and make
them feel important. There is nothing more appealing
than having someone listen to you intently making you
feel like you're the only person in the world.

2. Read more and expand your interests. The more you

read and cultivate new interests, the more interesting
 you are to others. When you meet new people it gives
you the opportunity to share what you know and to
exchange your views with them.
 Be a good conversationalist. This relates to how much you
read and know. Once you have much to contribute, learn
how to talk about it with others. No one can read about or
know everything, so it's refreshing to learn from others
those things we don't have the time to about read ourselves.
If you happen to be shy, join a group like Toastmasters that
encourages you to talk about what you know.
 Have an Opinion. There is nothing more tiresome than
trying to talk to someone who has no opinion on anything. A
conversation has nowhere to go if you have nothing to
expound on. If, however, you have an uncommon point of
view or differing opinion, you are more interesting and
stimulating to be with socially (unless you're a know-it-all,
of course). A unique outlook expands everyone's perspective
.
 Meet New People. Make the effort to meet new people
especially those unlike you. It not only exposes you to
different cultures and alternative ways of doing things, it
broadens your horizons. 
 Be yourself. The next most tiresome thing after having no
opinions is trying to be something you're not. Molding yourself
in order to fit in, or be accepted, usually backfires. Since each
of us is unique, expressing that uniqueness is what makes us
interesting. Attempting to be a carbon copy of someone else
not only falls flat, but reveals a lack of authenticity.
 Have a positive outlook and attitude. Who wants to be
around people who are negative, complain a lot, or have
nothing good to say? In fact, most of us run when we see them
coming. Instead, be the kind of upbeat person who lights up a
room with your energy when you enter it. Do it by looking for
the best in people and things. Smile warmly, spread good
cheer, and enliven others with your presence.
 Be fun and see the humorous side of life. Everyone enjoys the
company of someone who makes them laugh, or smile, so look for
the humorous, quirky side in a situation - there always is one.
Comic relief is a much welcome and needed diversion at times.
When you can add fun and lightheartedness to an otherwise dull
or gloomy setting, others will naturally be attracted to you, not to
mention grateful.
 Be supportive of others. Being supportive is probably the most
endearing quality you can integrate into your personality. Just as
you yourself welcome it, be the support for others when they
need it. We all love a cheerleader in our corner; someone who is
encouraging, believes in us and helps pick us up when we're down.
 Have Integrity and treat people with respect. Being honest and
true to your word will bring you the admiration, respect and
gratitude of others. Nothing improves a person's personality more
than integrity and respect - respect for others, as well as respect
for yourself.
FACING YOUR WORLD
Face Your World encourages youngsters to develop a
critical opinion about their own home environment.
Face Your World stimulates youngsters to influence
and to participate in the process of city renewal, and
to show that their opinion is relevant. As a result of
this process youngsters will get a clear view of their
world. Face Your World consist of a tailor made
educational program on location. Exploring (getting to
know the neighborhood and its users), Sketching
(drawing down ideas and wishes for change) and
Consulting (discussing with others to create a
collective understanding of place) form its basis. 
CREATING YOUR VISUAL
STATEMENT
 Your personal vision statement guides your
life and provides the direction necessary to
chart the course of your days and the choices
you make about your career. Think of your
personal vision statement as the light shining
in the darkness that illuminates your life
path.
 Write a vision statement as the first step in
focusing your life. It can help put things into
perspective—your joy, your accomplishments,
your contribution to the world, your glory,
and your legacy.
 Prepare to Draft Your Vision Statement
 The preparation for drafting your own vision
statement involves lots of thought, introspection,
and reflection. It can take time to formulate all
your thoughts cohesively. To get started, ask
yourself some guiding questions. Be honest. Your
answers can help you clearly illustrate your vision.
 QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF
 What are 10 things that you most enjoy doing?
These are the 10 things without which your
weeks, months, and years would feel
incomplete.
 What three things must you do every single day
to feel fulfilled in your work?
 What are your five to six most important values?
 Write one important goal for each of the
following facets of your life: physical, spiritual,
work or career, family, social relationships,
financial security, mental improvement and
attention, and fun.
 If you never had to work another day in your
life, how would you spend your time instead
of working?
 When your life is ending, what will you
regret not doing, seeing, or achieving?
 What strengths have other people
commented on about you and your
accomplishments? What strengths do you see
in yourself?
 What weaknesses have other people
commented on about you and what do you
believe are your weaknesses?
 Develop Your Vision Statement
 Once you have thoughtfully prepared answers
to these questions and others that you have
identified as significant, you are ready to
craft a personal vision statement. Write in
the first person and make statements about
the future you hope to achieve.
 Write the statements as if you are already
making them happen in your life. Some
experts recommend 50 words or less, but
forget word counts and fully articulate the
vision that you want for your life and your
future. The more detailed you make your
image, the better you can see it in your
mind's eye.
TAKING CENTER STAGE

a situation in which someone or something is

attracting a lot of interest or attention. The
economy is again at center stage. take center
stage (attract interest, attention, or activity):
The debate over our environmental policy is
likely to take center stage again.
 TIPS FOR TAKING CENTER STAGE
 
1. Embrace your passion — and act on it! So many of us struggle to commit to
our passion. We’re worried about the social, economic and lifestyle changes it
could take to make our dream possible, but it’s important to be open and
honest with yourself about your dream in order to live your best life. “The
biggest thing is to understand and embrace what it is you want to do,”
encourages Jon. “Dreaming is emotional. I mean, you’re thinking about who you
want to be — what’s the legacy? Dreams have to turn into action. You have to
care about what you want to do more than anything else. And you have to not
care about being different and possibly not being a part of the big crowd.” So 
take little steps now to be true to your dream and, in turn, yourself.

2. Redefine success. Failure — it’s another big reason we shy away from

pursuing a dream. There’s the constant nagging in the back of your head saying
‘what if I fail?’ But perhaps looking at your failures in a different way may help
you anticipate and navigate through the hard times. “Success to me is learning
new things and applying what you learn from life experiences into progression,”
says Jon. “You cannot be successful without failure. Setbacks are indeed what
teach us the most.”
3. Never give up. It’s a cliché for a reason, so take this tried-
and-true advice. Because giving up is the #1 reason dreams go
unachieved. “Do NOT let your fire go dim,” urges Jon.
“Remember that the setbacks, or even long periods of confusion
or feeling like you are completely immobile are all part of the
process. Overcome the obstacles, don’t let them overcome you.”
Although it may not be your dream to take on the big stage,
Jon’s advice can apply to any goal. So embrace your dream, take
the small setbacks in stride and stick to it. You’ve got what it
takes.
DEFINING BEAUTY
What is Beauty?

the quality present in a thing or person that

gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction
to the mind, whether arising from sensory
manifestations (as shape, color, sound,
etc.), a meaningful design or pattern, or
something else (as a personality in which
high spiritual qualities are manifest).
OUTER BEAUTY
We know it is greatly appreciated and very important
for a lot of people. Many would argue
that it is how you look and how other people react to
your physical appearance that really
matter. To look good is to feel good. But is it really
important and if so how do we
reach outer beauty.

Outer beauty is thought to be something that you are

born with. It is either there or
it isn't. Those attractive features that makes people
notice you in a crowd. A face,
a figure, outer beauty basically about flesh and bone,
How good we look.
INNER BEAUTY
There is not one human being who has never felt
the feeling of ugliness. It seems to be
in our nature to be self-critical when it comes to
our appearance, actions, character and values.
We compare ourselves with other and far too
often end up with feeling of being second best
or simply worse than others.
 In the Eye of the Beholder
Beauty is a word used most commonly to describe something
or someone that is physically attractive and pleasing to look.
Not so many actually bother to connect the dots and realize
that beauty is created not only by one feature but
many qualities combined in one brilliant being. Beauty is
hence not only about inner beauty but indeed in the eye of
the beholder.
 Love
Beauty is in fact so related to the taste, personality, needs
and demands of the beholder that what might be overlooked
by many is often seen by that one special person. that is
why love is such a powerful state of being, perhaps the most
powerful. Existing based on a special connection between
two or more people where the beauty of each individual is
completely clear and desired and encouraged love is the
ultimate acceptance of the inner beauty of oneself and of
your loved ones.
 Self-Confidence

Bottom line is that inner beauty is very important and very

much dependent on acknowledgement and encouragement. If
you feel good about yourself, your appearance, actions,
character and values it will show. Self-confidence has that
funny way of perfecting your outer beauty, transcending flesh
and bone, warming your skin and giving your look that living
glow.
LIKING YOUR SELF
1. Liking yourself gives you power and strength.
If you go for trying to get people to like you you’ll most likely come off
as needy and desperate a lot of the time. This is a bad position to put
yourself in. Because liking and respecting yourself goes hand in hand
with people liking and respecting you.

2. People like people who like themselves.

What is attractive to a friend, an employer or a potential partner? To
me, it seems like a lot of this boils down to people liking people who
like themselves. Someone who likes him/herself is positive, confident,
takes care of his/her health and opportunities in school/at work/in life.

3. More inner stability, much less of an emotional rollercoaster.

Getting compliments and being liked is wonderful. The problem is just
that if you rely too much on validation from others then you let the
outside world, other people, control how you feel. And that can be a
real rollercoaster.
4. Life becomes more fun and relaxing.
If you like yourself then it becomes natural to just be your best self and
let people like the real you. Doing the opposite and trying to get people
to like you leads to a lack of honesty in any kind of relationship and life
becomes a like walking on egg shells while using different masks with
different people.

5. What you think and feel about yourself flows over.

The more you like yourself, the easier it becomes to like, help and be
kind to other people. How much you like or do not like yourself flows
over into your world.

6. You minimize self sabotage.

If you don’t like yourself, if you deep down don’t really think you
deserve what you go after then you will tend to sabotage for yourself.
Perhaps in subtle ways. You may get a gut feeling that this success is
wrong and so you start doing stuff that screws things up. If you like
yourself there will be a lot less self made obstacles in your mind to
overcome on your path to success.