CHAPTER 8.

2:
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

PART 6
 Learning Outcome
 State the meaning of qualitative
analysis.
 Make inferences on salts based on their
colour and solubility in water.
 Describe tests for the identification of
gases.
What is qualitative analysis…???

Qualitative analysis is a
chemical method to
The ions present
determine the
in salt are need to
substances present in a
identify in this
compound but not their qualitative
quantities. analysis
 Qualitative Analysis Steps
Make aqueous
Observation
Action
Action of
Make aqueous
Observation
solution
of
physical
of the salt to
solution
test ofproperties
the and
for anions salt to
physical
heat properties
heat on
on salt
testsalts
of for anions and
cations
of
cations salt
saltspresent
present

C
ar
ry
o
ut
c
o
n
fir
m
at
or
y
te
st
s
 How to identify cation and
anion in salt???

11 Click
Colour
to add
andTitle
solubility of the salt

22 Click
Gas to
test
add Title

13 Click
Effect
to add
of heat
Titleon salt

24 Click
Confirmatory
to add Title
test for anions

15 Click
Confirmatory
to add Title
test for cations
 Colour and solubility of the salt
SALT COLOUR
SOLID AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Ca2+ , Mg 2+ , Al3+ , Pb2+ , NH4+ white colourless
CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2 Blue Blue
CuCl2 Green Blue
FeSO4, Fe(NO3)2, FeCl2 Green Green
Fe(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3, FeCl3 Brown Yellow/Brownish
CuCO3 Green (Insoluble)
PbO Brown when Hot & Insoluble
Yellow when cooled
CuO black Insoluble
ZnO Yellow when Hot & Insoluble
White when cooled
PbCl2 white Insoluble in cold water
but soluble in hot water
PbI2 Yellow Insoluble in cold water
but soluble in hot water
 ACTIVITY TO
INVESTIGATE THE
COLOUR AND
SOLUBILITY OF SALT
IN WATER
 Gas Test
Gas Colour Smell Confimatory Test
O2 colourless Odourless Light up a glowing wooden splinter

H2 colourless Odourless Produces a ‘pop’sound with lighted wooden

CO2 colourless Odourless Turn lime water cloudy

NH3 colourless Pungent smell Turn moist red litmus paper blue

Cl2 Grenish Pungent smell Bleaches moist red litmus paper

Yellow Turn moist blue LP to red and bleaches it.

HCl colourless Pungent smell Form dense white fumes with ammonia gas

NO2 Brown Pungent smell Turn moist blue litmus paper to red

SO2 colourless Pungent smell Turn moist blue litmus paper to red
Methods Used
For Identifying
Gases
MEMORY
TEST…
 Learning Outcome
 Describe the action of heat on salts.
 Describe the tests for anions.
 State observation of reaction of cations with
sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution.
 Describe confirmatory tests for Fe2+ , Fe3+ ,Pb2+ and
NH4+
 Plan qualitative analysis to identify salts.
 Action Of Heat On Salts
When Salt are Heated

Release a
A colour change
certain gas

Release of
water vapour
 Heating CO3 salt
• All carbonates are decomposed by heat to release CO2
except K2CO3 and NaCO3.
• MCO3 MO + CO2
• CO2 will turn lime water,Ca(OH)2 milky (CaCO3 +H2O)

Heating NO3 salt

• Most metal nitrate decompose to produce a metal oxide,
nitrogen oxide and oxygen.
• KNO3 & NaNO3 produced Oxygen gas and nitrites when
heated
• NO2 (brown gas: acidic) , turn moist blue litmus paper
red.
• O2 relight glowing wooden splinter.
Heating SO4 salt

• All suphate salt are not decomposed by heat.

• Some (Fe, Zn, Cu) will decomposed during strong
heating producing sulphur trioxide gas.
• Ex: ZnSO4  ZnO + SO3

Heating Chloride salt

• All chloride salts are not decomposed by heat
except ammonium chloride.
• NH4Cl produced white fumes.
• Ex: NH4  NH3 + HCl
Deduction Of Types Of Ion Present From
Gas Produced
Gas produced Types of ion
CO2 CO3 2- (except Na2CO3, K2CO3)
O2 NO3-
NO2 and O2 NO3- (excepts NaNO3, KNO3)
SO2 SO4 2-
NH3 NH4 +
 Test for Anion
Anion Confirmatory Test
CO32- • Bubbles with dilute acid and the gas
produced will cause limewater milky
SO42- • Mixed with dilute sulphuric acid and
barium chloride and a white precipitate
is formed.
Cl- • Mixed with dilute nitric acid followed by
silver nitrate solution and a white
precipitate is formed
NO3- • Brown ring test and a brown ring will be
formed.
 Test for Cation
Cation NaOH Solution NH3 Solution
Ca2+ • White precipitate formed. • No reaction
• Not soluble in excess

Mg2+ • White precipitate formed. • White precipitate formed.

• Not soluble in excess • Not soluble in excess

Al3+ • White precipitate formed. • White precipitate formed.

• Soluble in excess • Not soluble in excess

Zn2+ • White precipitate formed. • White precipitate formed.

• Soluble in excess • Soluble in excess
Cation NaOH Solution NH3 Solution
Pb2+ • White precipitate formed. • White precipitate formed.
• Soluble in excess • Not soluble in excess
Fe2+ • Green precipitate formed. • Green precipitate formed.
• Not soluble in excess • Not soluble in excess
Fe3+ • Brown precipitate formed. • Brown precipitate formed.
• Not Soluble in excess • Not soluble in excess
Cu2+ • Blue precipitate formed. • Blue precipitate formed.
• Not soluble in excess • Not Soluble in excess and a
dark blue solution is
produced

NH4+ • White precipitate formed. • No reaction

• Soluble in excess
Confirmatory Tests for Fe 2+ , Fe3+ ,Pb2+, NH4+
Cation Specific reagent Observation

Pb2+ • KI, NaI • Yellow precipitate, soluble in hot

water and recrystallises when
cooled

• KCl, NaCl,HCl • White precipitate, soluble in hot

waterand recrystallises when
cooled

• K2SO4, Na2SO4, • White precipitate, insoluble in hot

H2SO4 water
Confirmatory Tests for Fe 2+ , Fe3+ ,Pb2+, NH4+

Cation Specific reagent Observation

Fe2+ • Potassium • Light blue precipitate

hexacyanoferreta (II)
K4Fe(CN)6
• Potassium • Dark blue precipitate
hexacyanoferreta (III)
K3Fe(CN)6
• Acidified KMnO4 • Purple colour
decolourises
Confirmatory Tests for Fe 2+ , Fe3+ ,Pb2+, NH4+

Cation Specific reagent Observation

Fe3+ • Potassium thiocyanate, • Brown precipitate
KSCN formed.
• Not soluble in excess

• Potassium • Dark blue precipitate

hexacyanoferrate (II) ,
K4Fe(CN)6

• Potassium • Greenish-brown
hexacyanoferrate (II) , solution
K4Fe(CN)6

NH4 + • Nessler reagent • Brown precipitate

 PLAN
QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS TO
A IDENTIFY SALTS
Observation on the physical
properties of salt

B
Action of heat on salt

C
Test for cations and anions

D
Confirmatory test for cation and anions
 UPSI

End of slide…
Thank you..