Lecture 07 OrderDisorder

Emergy & Complex Systems
Day 3, Lecture 7….
Order and Disorder
 Organization and order,

 Pollution as a disordering energy,
 War, revolutions, terrorism
 Wastes and Recycling
Investigations into the Nature

of Systems
Where does disorder fit in

an otherwise orderly
Universe?
All Systems Balance Order and Disorder…
Material dispersal/recycle
Disorded
Parts
Energy
Sources Order
Production of Order Depreciation of Order

A source of potential energy is required

to build and maintain order…
Ma t e r ia ls
Energy
Sources
Order
Production of Order
Sources driving the production of order might be

called “Ordering Energies”
Ma t e r ia ls
Ordering
Energy
Energy
Sources
Order
Production of Order
Ordering Energies are often a suite of energies…
Ra in
Tid e
Win d Ma t e ria ls
Su n
Order
The suite of ordering energy can be thought of

Systems
as havesignature…
an energy an ENERGY SIGNATURE,,,
Ra in
Tid e
Win d Ma t e r ia ls
Su n
Ra in Order
Su n
Win d
Tid e
Energy Signature
Each ordering energy has a characteristic

frequency and amplitude… .
S u n lig h t
Ra in
Sun
Win d
Tid e
Tid e .
Time
Energy Signature
Time
.
Win d
Ra in
+
+ + + +
++ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + +
Time
Time
Combined the signature of frequencies and

amplitudes might look like this…
.
+
+ + + +
++ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
Time
An Ordering Energy outside the normal of magnitude

might be called a DISORDERING PULSE…
.
P u ls e
+
+ + + +
++ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + +
Time
The pulsed disordering energy is often called a

disaster…
Dis o rd e r Hurricane
Forest
EarthQuake
Tornado
Flood Fire
Puls e d Dis o rde r
Energy
Sources
Order
So…we might define Pulse Disordering Energy as an energy

source whose frequency and magnitude is greater than that
to which a system is adapted.
Energy
Sources
Dis o rd e r
Order
Fire
War Ene rg y
Dis o rd e r
So u rc e s
Orde r
Dis o rd e r
En e rg y
S o u rc e s
Ord e r
Fir e
War
“Frenzied Consumption” "Fre nz ie d Co ns ume r"
Pulse Disordering Energy

A driving energy whose re-occurrence is outside the “normal
range” of driving energy and whose magnitude is greater than
.
the normal …
Occurs once in a while, but when it does…

P u ls e
+
+ + + +
++ + +
+ +
Magnitude of the + +
+
+ +
pulse determines its +
+ +
+
+
dis-ordering
influence… Time
Maybe…
Systems adapt to pulses that reoccur at frequencies that
are smaller than the turnover time of their structure…
…in other words,

additional energy
is invested in
structure (making Ma t e r ia ls
it stronger or 20 years
Energy
more resilient) Sources
only if its cheaper Order
to do this, rather
than replace the
structure every
once in a while…
50 years
Adapting to Disorder…
Adaptation may take the form of marshaling forces to
repair and reorganize after a pulse disorder…”Attracting”
additional ordering energy from outside.
In reality…a
pulse disorder Ord e rin g
P u ls e
at one scale
may be normal
at the next Dis o rd e rin g
P u ls e
larger scale. Ma t e r ia ls
Energy
Sources
Order
Why “Attract Ordering Energies?
Puls e Dis o rde r Oc c urs
3 .0
1 .5
Re c o v e ry w it ho ut
Re c o v e ry w it h At t rac t e d Orde ring Ene rg y
At t ra c t e d Ene rg y
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Tim e
Emergy Evaluation of Order / Disorder
Disordering Pulse
Pulse Disorder
Duration Area Total Emergy Emergy Density Empower Density
2 2 2
Event (days) (E9 m ) (E20 sej) (E11 sej/m ) (E9 sej/m /day)
Alaska Oil Spill 20.0 6.7 0.8 0.1 0.6

Venezuela Oil Spill 11.0 0.1 0.1 1.6 14.5
Miami Huricane 1.0 3.4 11.4 3.4 335.0
Vietnam War 2190.0 330.0 65340.0 198.0 9.0
U.S. Civil War Battle 3.0 0.1 0.5 4.5 150.0
Florida Strip Mining 0.1 0.1 0.2 4.6 4600.0
…The ordering energies during

the time of the disorder.
Ordering Flux
Ordering Flux
Area Emergy Density Empower Density

Duration Total Emergy
2 2 2
Event (days) (E9 m ) (E20 sej) (E11 sej/m ) (E9 sej/m /day)
Alaska Oil Spill 20.0 6.7 10.7 1.6 0.4

Miami Huricane 1.0 3.4 153.0 45.0 12.3
Vietnam War 2190.0 330.0 1287.0 3.9 1.1
The ratio of ordering flux to

the disordering pulse…
Ratio of Order to Disorder
Total Ordering
Emergy Total Pulse
Required Emergy Raio of Ordered
Event (E20 sej) (E20 sej) to Disorder
Alaska Oil Spill 99.7 0.8 118.1

Venezuela Oil Spill 1.1 0.1 13.3
Miami Huricane 900.0 11.4 79
Vietnam War 33290.4 65340.0 0.5
U.S. Civil War Battle 0.0 0.5 0.1
Florida Strip Mining 40.0 0.2 178.7
The attracted ordering emergy as

a result of the disorder…
Attracted Ordering EMergy

Attracted Flux
Duration of
Area Emergy Density Empower Density
Ordering Total Emergy
2
Event (days) (E9 m ) (E20 sej) (E11 sej/m2) (E9 sej/m2/day)
Alaska Oil Spill 1095.0 6.7 46.1 6.9 0.6

Miami Huricane 547.5 3.4 441.0 129.7 23.7
Vietnam War 2555.0 330.0 1115.4 3.4 0.1
“Bang for your buck”…the effectiveness

of the disordering pulse
Ratio of Disordered Structure to Pulse Emergy
Pulse Emergy Disordered Raio of Disordered

Density Structure
Structure to Pulse
Event (E11 sej/m2) (E11 sej/m2) Emergy
Alaska Oil Spill 0.1 9.3 73.8

Venezuela Oil Spill 4.5 155.6 34.5
Miami Huricane 4.6 94.1 20.5
Vietnam War 3.4 62.9 18.8
U.S. Civil War Battle 1.6 7.0 4.4
Florida Strip Mining 198.0 10.7 0.1
Emergy Evaluation of World Trade Center Disaster
Note Name Amount units Emergy/unit Emergy Emdollars

(sej/unit) (E21 sej) (E9 em$)
1 Boeing 767 3.6E+08 g 2E+10 0.007 0.007

2 Fuel 6.2E+12 J 66000 0.0004 0.0004
3 Bldg 2.2E+09 $ 1E+12 2.2 2.2
4 People 5500 ind. 1E+18 5.5 5.5
5 TV extraction 24 hrs 4.9E+19 1.2 1.2
6 TV reception 10 hrs 5.5E+19 0.6 0.6
7 People watching (USA) 10 hrs 1.1E+21 11.0 11.0
8 People watching (globally) 1 hrs 3.8 e21 3.8 3.8
9 Economic slow down 10% 1 day 2.7E+22 2.7 2.7
subtotal 27.0 27.0
10 Cleanup 2E+08 $ 1E+12 0.2 0.2

11 Reordering 4E+10 $ 1E+12 40 40
1 Each Boeing 767 weighs 180E3 kg assume transformity of 2.0 E10 sej/g
2 24,000 gal of fuel per plane 1.3 E8 J/gal = 3.1 E12 J * 2 = 6.2 E12J
3 1.1 E 7 Sq feet of building area multiplied by 200$ per sq ft.
4 assume 100 E16 sej/ind per year…how many years??? (this assumes 1 year
5 TV extraction…24 hours of total extraction by entire TV industry, and 0.49 E20 sej/hr (Odum 1996)
6 TV reception…assume 10 hours of watching and 0.55E20 sej/hr (Odum 1996)
7 people watching…10 hours of watching and 1E25 is total USA economy/8760 hours = 1.1 E21 sej/hour
8 People watching…globally assume 1 hour ang global economy =33.6e24 sej/yr / 8760 hours
9 total economy = 1 E25 sej/yr/ 365 days = 2.7 E22 sej/day*
10 Cleanup estimated as $200 E6 and sej/$ = 1E12

11 Congress authorized $40 billion in disaster AID
The IRAQ war as a Benefit/Cost calculation
Wepons of Mass Distruction...
IRAQ Oil reserves 113 E9 bbl = 3.76 E25 sej

USA Defense budget $348 E9/yr = 3.48 E23 sej
USA Fuel Use 2.23 E23 sej/yr
Cost of War $100 E9 = 1 E23 sej

Reconstruction/Peacekeeping $250 E9 = 2.5 E23 sej
Total cost 3.5 E23 sej
Benefit to Cost ratio 376 E23 / 3.5 E23 ~ 100/1

To recycle or not to recycle…

that is the question.
Emergy Evaluations of Material

Systems and Recycle Options
.
Recycle of waste products follows

one of three pathways...
Tidal
G e o lo g ic
Energy Pro c e s s e s
3.
1. St ock
2. Fuels,
Materials Pile
S o ils ,
Assets
Wo od
En v ir o n m e n t a l
Sunlight
Syst e m s
Wastes
Economic
Syst e ms
Biosphere
Scope of the Study

• Study focuses on recycling patterns of major building
materials.
• For each major material, three different patterns of

building material cycles were evaluated:
• 1. emergy of manufacture from “raw resources,”
• 2. emergy of demolition, and
• 3. emergy of recycle.
• In addition, the emergy costs of “landfilling” of materials

were also evaluated.
Materials Evaluated
Building Material Use as Finish Use as Structure
Cement mortar --
Concrete pavement column or beam
Masonry clay tile clay brick
Ferrous metal wall panel column or beam
Non-ferrous metal aluminum sheet column or bean
Wood plywood post or beam
Plastics vinyl floor plastic lumber
Glass ceramic tile --
Emergy Analysis of Recycle Options
4 MATERIAL CYCLES EVALUATED
•Standard material cycle

•Standard cycle with RECYCLE
•By-product use
•Adaptive reuse
En e rg y, La b o r,
Goods Se rv ic e
Matr'l
En v.
So u rc e s Environment Ext ra c t io n Re fin e Tran s fo rm Us e
La n d fill
Standard material cycle...

Energy, Labor,
Goods Service
Mat r'l
Re c yc le
Env.
Sources Environment Extraction Refine Transform Use
Landfill
Standard cycle with RECYCLE...

Energy, Labor,
Goods Service
Other
By-
Matr'l Process
product
Env.
Sources Environment
Extraction Refine Transform Use
Landfill
By-product use ….
Energy, Labor,
Goods Service
Other
Mat r'l Process
Env. Re c yc le
Sources Environment Use
Extraction Refine Transform Use
Landfill
Adaptive reuse...
Recycle Indices
Performance and Efficiency Ratios
• Recycle Benefit Ratio (RBR)

• Recycle Yield Ratio (RYR)
• Landfill to Recycle Ratio (LRR)
• Recycle Efficiency Ratio (RER)
Recycle Indices
Recycle Benefit Ratio (RBR) – the ratio

of emergy used in providing a material
from raw resources (A1) to the emergy
used in recycle (F).
Recycle Indices
Recycle Yield Ratio (RYR) – The ratio of

emergy in recycled material (E2) to emergy
used for recycle (F).
Recycle Indices
Landfill to Recycle Ratio (LRR) – The ratio

of emergy required for landfilling a
material (C1) to the emergy required for
recycle (F).
Recycle Indices
Recycle Efficiency Ratio (RER)– The

ratio of material and energy conserved
when recycled materials are used to the
emergy required for recycle.
Fu e ls ,
Go o d s ,
S e rv ic e
Recycle ratios Raw re s ource

A1 B1 C1 F1
R1 Re fin e Tra n s fo rm Us e Colle ct ion
La n d fill
RBR = A1/F2
Co nve nt io nal So lid Was t e Sys t e m
RYR = Y/F2
LBR = F1/F2
Fu e ls ,
Go o d s ,
S e rv ic e
RER = (R1+A1+B1+F1)-
(R2+A2+B2+F2)/F2
F2
A2 B2 C2
Raw Re s ource
Re c y c le
R2 Re fin e Tra n s fo rm Us e Colle ct ion Y
Re c yc le Sys t e m
Emergy Intensity
Emergy Intensity of Solid
of Solid Waste Waste Cololection
Collection & Disposal and Dispos
Service Emergy
(E6 sej/g)
Municipal solid wastes
Collection 233
Separating 8.2
Landfilling 35.2
Construction and Demolition Wastes

Demolition 49.1
Truck transportation 19.7
Sorting 6.7
Life Cycle Emergy Intensity of Building Materials
Raw Mat'rl Production Construction Demolition Collection Landfill Total

Material (E9 sej/g)
Cement 1.06 0.92 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 4.2
Cement w/ fly ash 1.04 1.16 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 4.42
Concrete 0.44 1 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 3.66

Concrete w/ recycled aggregate 0.44 1 2.14 0.068 0.035 3.68
Clay brick 2.0 0.22 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 4.44
Steel 2.44 1.71 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 6.37

Recycled steel 1.59 2.45 2.14 0.048 0.109 6.34
Aluminum 2.16 10.54 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 14.92

Recycled aluminum 0.65 12.05 2.14 0.048 0.149 15.04
Wood lumber 0.59 0.29 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 3.1

Recycled Lumber 0.59 0.75 2.14 4.95 0.45 8.88
Plastic 3.62 2.13 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 7.97

Plastic lumber w/ recycled plastic 3.62 2.45 2.14 0.048 0.26 8.52
Ceramic tile w/ recycled glass 0.82 2.24 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 5.28
Ceramic tile w/ recycled glass 0.82 2.53 2.14 0.048 0.08 0.013 5.63
Glass 1.35 6.52 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 10.09

Glass w/ in-house recycle 0.72 6.94 2.14 0.048 0.019 0.013 9.88
Recycle Indices of Building Materials
Material RBR RYR LRR RER

Cement with fly ash 9.2 2.2 0.8 20
Concrete with recycled aggregate 2.3 2.9 0.5 10
Recycled steel 3.4 6.9 0.7 34
Recycled aluminum 49.9 42.5 0.4 64
Recycled lumber 0.05 0.1 0.01 0.16
Plastic lumber from recycled plastic 3.3 18.9 0.3 22
Ceramic tile from recycled glass 32 17.7 1.1 45
RBR = Recycle Benefit Ratio

RYR = Recycle Yield Ratio
LRR = Landfill to Recycle Ratio
RER = Recycle Efficiency ratio
Conclusions - materials and material quality
1.Emergy per mass may be a good indicator of recycle-ability.
2.The emprice (emergy received for money spent) is highest for primary building
materials and lowest for materials that contain more human services.
3.Quality and versatility of a material are related to emergy per mass. The larger
the emergy per mass, the more valuable and versatile the product and the
greater the potential for recycle.
4.The emergy yield ratio (EYR) may provide important information regarding
recycle-ability.
5.Price, expressed as mass per dollar is inverse to the amount of human service
inputs to a material’s production.
Conclusions - Recycling Patterns
1. Materials that have large refining costs have greatest potential for high
recycle benefits.
2. The highest benefits to society appear to accrue from material recycle

systems, followed by adaptive reuse systems, and finally by by-product reuse
systems.
3.The landfill recycle ratios for all the material recycle systems studied, with
the exception of glass, were less than one. This may result from the fact
that environmental impacts of landfilling were not evaluated.
4.The yields from recycling are extremely high, far greater than the yields
that society obtains from energy sources indicating the very important
contributions that effective recycling systems will have in the long run.

Lecture 07 OrderDisorder

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Emergy & Complex Systems

Day 3, Lecture 7….

Order and Disorder

 Organization and order,

Investigations into the Nature

Where does disorder fit in

All Systems Balance Order and Disorder…

Production of Order Depreciation of Order

A source of potential energy is required

Sources driving the production of order might be

Ordering Energies are often a suite of energies…

The suite of ordering energy can be thought of

Each ordering energy has a characteristic

Combined the signature of frequencies and

An Ordering Energy outside the normal of magnitude

The pulsed disordering energy is often called a

So…we might define Pulse Disordering Energy as an energy

Pulse Disordering Energy

Occurs once in a while, but when it does…

…in other words,

Why “Attract Ordering Energies?

Puls e Dis o rde r Oc c urs

Emergy Evaluation of Order / Disorder

Alaska Oil Spill 20.0 6.7 0.8 0.1 0.6

…The ordering energies during

Area Emergy Density Empower Density

Alaska Oil Spill 20.0 6.7 10.7 1.6 0.4

The ratio of ordering flux to

Ratio of Order to Disorder

Alaska Oil Spill 99.7 0.8 118.1

The attracted ordering emergy as

Attracted Ordering EMergy

Alaska Oil Spill 1095.0 6.7 46.1 6.9 0.6

“Bang for your buck”…the effectiveness

Ratio of Disordered Structure to Pulse Emergy

Pulse Emergy Disordered Raio of Disordered

Alaska Oil Spill 0.1 9.3 73.8

Emergy Evaluation of World Trade Center Disaster

Note Name Amount units Emergy/unit Emergy Emdollars

1 Boeing 767 3.6E+08 g 2E+10 0.007 0.007

10 Cleanup 2E+08 $ 1E+12 0.2 0.2

10 Cleanup estimated as $200 E6 and sej/$ = 1E12

The IRAQ war as a Benefit/Cost calculation

Wepons of Mass Distruction...

IRAQ Oil reserves 113 E9 bbl = 3.76 E25 sej

Cost of War $100 E9 = 1 E23 sej

Benefit to Cost ratio 376 E23 / 3.5 E23 ~ 100/1

To recycle or not to recycle…

Emergy Evaluations of Material

Recycle of waste products follows

Scope of the Study

• For each major material, three different patterns of

• In addition, the emergy costs of “landfilling” of materials

Building Material Use as Finish Use as Structure

Emergy Analysis of Recycle Options

4 MATERIAL CYCLES EVALUATED

•Standard material cycle

Standard material cycle...

Standard cycle with RECYCLE...

Extraction Refine Transform Use

Extraction Refine Transform Use

Performance and Efficiency Ratios