Module CT4004NI:

Networking Concepts
Lecture Week 1
 Agenda
• Module Introduction
 Your Module Leader
 Your Lecturer and tutors
Module Aims/Objectives
Module outcomes after successful completion
Module Assessments and Syllabus Summary
Recommended booklist
• Week 1 Lecture Coverage
LAN Devices.
OSI Reference Model and encapsulation techniques in each
layers.
LAN technology
Module Leaders’ Roles
• Every module has two module leaders:
• Creates the main
lecture/tutorial notes
• Writes coursework and
examinations
• Moderates the coursework and
examinations results
• Serves as a lecturer for that
module (usually in London)
• Writes localised lecture/tutorial
notes
• Marks the coursework and
examinations (lecturers/tutors
might also be involved in
marking)
• Serves as a lecturer for that
module
Your Lecturer Is

Ravi Chandra Gurung

Your Tutor Is…

Mr. Aaditya Khati

Module aims
The module aims:
 To gain an understanding of the operational
structure of a network and its components in
relation to OSI layer.
To appreciate the concept of CCNA 1 and 2 and
various devices with respect to the OSI model.
 To gain an in-depth understanding of routing,
routing protocols and the need for appropriate
configuration.
To gain experience in configuring routers and
IP addresses for a given specification
Module outcomes after successful
completion
You will be able to:
• Describe the functionality of Local Area
Networks (LANs) and its devices
• Explain the functional behaviour of each device
in a network and its role in the functionality of a
network.
• Describe TCP/IP suite of protocols and learn how
to configure IP addresses
 Module outcomes after successful
completion…
Student will be able to:
• Explain the flow of traffic on a LAN using the
Ethernet/802.3 standards.
• Describe the overall purpose of Wide Area
Networks (WANs).
• Describe when, why and how to configure a
router.
• Identify network software management tools and
their functions.
Module Assessments
• Assessments:
50% Exam
50% Practical Assignment Test
[ individual work]

 Tutorials are related to the

Lectures/practical and Examinations.
 Workshops are related to the Practical
Assignment.
Note:- Students should obtain 40% pass on aggregate
from examination and coursework.
Module Syllabus Summary
• The OSI model and steps in data encapsulation,
• LAN devices and technologies, TCP/IP addressing,
environment, and sub-networks.
• WANS and routers, Router components, CDP and basic
Networking testing, troubleshooting, router boot sequence
and set up mode, Router configuration modes and
procedures.
• TCP/IP protocol suite, IP addressing and subletting,
access configuration.
• Routing protocols and their importance, distance vector
routing, link state routing. Interior and exterior routing
protocols, RIP, IGRP, layers revisited.
Highly recommended Booklist
• Cisco Systems, Inc. (2003), Cisco Networking
Academy Program CCNA 1 and 2 Companion
Guide, Cisco Press ISBN 1587131102.

• Cisco Systems, Inc. (2003), Cisco Networking

Academy Program CCNA 1 and 2 Lab
Companion, Cisco Press ISBN 1587131110.
OSI reference model

• Seven layers open system interconnection(OSI)

reference model developed by ISO.
• Proposed in 1978.
• Accepted in 1984.
 OSI reference model…
Why Layering??
• Defines and separates networking hardware and
software into distinct layers and functions
• Enables programmers to specialize in a particular
level or layer of the networking model
• Provides design modularity.
• Encourages interoperability
• Allows for standardized interfaces to be produced
by networking vendors
OSI reference model…
Layering
7. Application layer
6. Presentation layer
5. Session layer
4.Transport layer
3.Network Layer
2.Data Link layer
1.Physical layer
OSI reference model…
OSI reference model…
Reference Models

The TCP/I The TCP/IP reference model P reference model

OSI reference model…
Encapsulation / Decapsulation:
OSI reference model…
How encapsulation is done??
OSI reference model…
How decapsulation is done??
Summary of the OSI reference Model
Network Devices
Why Network Devices??

• Separating or connecting or expanding the

networks.
• Example:- repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers,
switches, gateways
Network Devices
Why Network Devices??
• Separating or connecting or expanding the
networks.
• Networks cannot be made larger by simply
adding new computers and more cables
• If we do so….the networks will be less efficient
• Segmenting or dividing the larger LANs to form
the smaller LANs and connecting them.
Network Devices…
Required Components of LAN devices:

• Repeaters and Hubs

• bridges
• routers
• switches
• gateways
Network Devices…
Repeaters and Hubs:
• Repeaters or hubs work at the OSI physical layer to
regenerate the network’s signal and resend them to
other segments
• Primitive hub can be viewed as a multiport repeater
• It regenerates data and broadcasts them to all ports
Network Devices…
Limitations and features of Repeaters and
Hubs:
• Have only one collision domain
• Do not isolate and filter packets
• Can connect different types of media
• The most economic way of
• expanding networks
Network Devices…
Bridges:
• Has one input and one output
• Used to isolate network traffic and computers
• Has the intelligent to examine incoming packet
source and destination addresses
Network Devices…
Differences Between Bridges and
Repeaters
Repeaters Bridges

OSI layer Physical layer Data link layer

Data Regenerate data at Regenerate data

regeneration the signal level at the packet
level
Reduce network No Yes
traffic
Network Devices…
Switches:
• Switches operate at the Data Link layer 2
of the OSI model
• Can interpret address information
• Switches resemble bridges and can
• be considered as multiport bridges
• having multiports, can better use
• limited bandwidth and prove
• more cost-effective than bridge
Network Devices…
Switches…
• Switches divide a network into several isolated
channels
• Packets sending from 1 channel will not go to
another if not specify
• Each channel has its own capacity and need not
be shared with other channels
Network Devices…
Switches…
Hub
3.3 Mbps
10Mbps 3.3 Mbps

3.3 Mbps
10Mbps

10Mbps

10Mbps
Switch
Network Devices…
Routers:
• Layer 2 Switches cannot take advantage of
multiple paths
• Routers work at the OSI layer 3 (network layer)
They use the “logical address” of packets and
routing tables to determine the best path for
data delivery
Network Devices…
Network devices…
• Distinguish between switch/bridge and router

• Bridges forward everything they don’t

recognize
• Routers select the best path
• Routers are layer 3 devices which
recognize network address
• Bridges are layer 2 devices which look at
the MAC sublayer node address
Summary
• Repeaters are the least expensive way to expand a
network, but they are limited to connecting two
segments
• Bridges function similar to repeaters, but can
understand the node addresses
• Switches can be considered as multiport bridges, can
divide a network into some logical channels
• Routers interconnect networks and provide filtering
functions. They can determine the best route