Instrumental Chemical Analysis

CHEM 304
Prepared by Dr. Mohammed Al-Sheraideh

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Instrumental Chemical Analysis
CHEM 304

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Instrumental Chemical Analysis
CHEM 304

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Instrumental Chemical Analysis
CHEM 304

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Instrumental Chemical Analysis
CHEM 304

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Instrumental Chemical Analysis
CHEM 304

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 Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Instrumental Chemical Analysis
CHEM 304
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS

OUTLINE:

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS 1
TYPES OF INSTRUMENTAL METHODS 2
INSTRUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS 3
CALIBRATION OF AN INSTRUMENTAL METHODS - FIGURES OF MERITS 11
SELECTING AN ANALYTICAL METHOD 17

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 INTRODUCTION
Instrumental Chemistry
vs

1- Classical 2- Instrumental
Definition

Qualitative instrumental Quantitative instrumental analysis is

analysis is that measured that magnitude of measured property
property that indicates presence that is proportional to concentration of
of analyte in matrix. analyte in matrix.
Conclusion

Species of interest Often need pretreatment - chemical

All constituents including extraction, distillation,
analyte. separation, precipitation

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 INTRODUCTION
Instrumental Chemistry

1- CLASSICAL 2- INSTRUMENTAL

Qualitative identification by Quantitative - mass or

color, indicators, boiling volume (e.g. gravimetric,
points, odors volumetric)

Qualitative - Quantitative - measuring property

chromatography, and determining relationship to
electrophoresis and concentration (e.g.
identification by spectrophotometry, mass
measuring spectrometry). Often, same
physical property instrumental method
(e.g. spectroscopy, used for qualitative and quantitative
electrode potential) analysis.

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 TYPES OF INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
PROPERTY EXAMPLE METHOD
Electrical Potential Potentiometric

Electrical Charge Coulometry

Electric Current Voltammetry - amperometry, polarography
Electrical Resistance Conductometry
Mass Gravimetry
Mass-to-charge Ratio Mass spectrometry
Rate of Reaction Stopped flow, flow injection analysis
Thermal Characteristics Thermal gravimetry, calorimetry
Radioactivity Activation, isotope dilution

Often combined with chromatographic or electrophoretic methods

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 Diagram Illustrated the overall process of instrumental measurement.
INSTRUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS

Example: Spectrophotometry
Instrument: Spectrophotometer
Stimulus: Monochromatic light energy
Analytical response: Light absorption
Transducer: Photocell
Data: Electrical current
Data processor: Current meter
Readout: Meter scale
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 DEFINITION FOR THE MAIN COMPONENT OF THEINSTRUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS

a) DATA DOMAINS: Means way of encoding analytical response in electrical or non-electrical signals.

b) INTERDOMAIN CONVERSIONS: Is the transform information from one domain to another.

c) Detector: Is a device that indicates change in environment.

d) TRANSDUCER : Is a device that converts non-electrical to electrical data.

e) SENSOR : Is a device that converts chemical to electrical data.

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 INSTRUMENTS FOR ANALYSIS:
SUCH AS DOMAINS SOURCES SUCH AS

NON-ELECTRICAL DOMAINS ELECTRICAL DOMAINS

Physical (light intensity, color) Current (Analog)
Chemical (pH) Voltage (Analog)
Scale Position (length) Charge (Analog)
Number (objects) Frequency (Time)
Pulse width (Time)
Phase (Time)
Count (Digital)
Serial (Digital)
Parallel (Digital)

Time: Vary with time (frequency, phase, pulse width).

Analog: Continuously variable magnitude (current, voltage, charge).
Digital: Discrete values (count, serial, parallel, number*).
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Diagram of a Fluorotometer

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 DIGITAL BINARY DATA

Advantages:
(1) Easy to store (2) Not susceptible 8‫رضه‬8‫ع‬to noise

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