Lecture 3 Instrumental Chemical Analysis

CHEM 304

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 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROMETRIC METHODS

Spectrometric method
Definition

are a large group of analytical methods that are based on atomic and molecular spectroscopy.

The term Spectroscopy

Deals with the interactions of various types of radiation (mainly electromagnetic radiation) with matter.

The term Spectrometry and spectrometric

Refer to methods of the

Photoelectric transducer measurement of the Other types of electronic device
intensity of radiation
with a

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 Electromagnetic Radiation

Definition:
ER is a kind of energy with wave character that can be characterized by using
wavelength (), frequency (), velocity and amplitude.
Or
ER is a stream of discrete particles or wave packets of energy called photons

Characteristic of ER

Requires no supporting medium Energy is proportional to

for its transmission and passes the frequency of the
readily through a vacuum. radiation

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 Wave Parameters
Definition:

1) Amplitude (A): Length

of the electric vector at a
maximum in the wave.

2) Wavelength ():
The linear distance
between any two
equivalent points on
successive waves 3) Period (P): The time in
(successive maxima seconds required for the
or minima). (A, nm, passage successive maxima
or minima through a fixed 4) Frequency ():
etc.) The number of
point in space.
oscillations of the
field that occur per
second and is equal
to 1/P. (s-1 or Hz).

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Wave Parameters

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 Wave Parameters

Velocity of propagation: Vi =  x i Wavenumber (): The

In vacuum, the velocity of radiation is independent of reciprocal of the wavelength in
wavelength centimeters (cm-1).

given by the symbol c which is equal to c =  = 3.00 x 108 m/s = 3.00 x 1010 cm/s

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses an enormous range of wavelength and

frequencies which are important for analytical purpose.

Spectroscopic methods classified according to the

Wavelengths Frequencies

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 Wave Parameters

The electromagnetic spectrum

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Planck’s Equation

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 Planck’s Equation

Means: The relationship between frequency  of light and energy E, Energy directly
proportional to wavenumber

E = h ;
where,
h = Planck’s constant = 6.6 x 10-27 erg.sec
= 6.6 x 10-34 joule.sec

In vacuum, velocity of light

= c =  = 3 x 1010cm/s
which gives,  = c/
E = h(c/) = h c (where,  =
1/ = wavenumber)

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 Interactions of Electromagnetic Radiation

Physical Interactions Chemical Interaction

Not dependent on the characteristic of Dependent of the characteristics of

electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic radiation

1. Reflection of Radiation
2. Refraction of Radiation
3. Diffraction of Radiation
4. Scattering of Radiation
5. Polarization of Radiation

The End
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