UNIT 6

GRAPHS OF
RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
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 1
Graph of f  x  
x n

i. n is odd: ii. n is even:

1 1
f ( x)   f ( x)   2
x x

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Two Asymptotes:
a. vertical: (x – asymptotes)
b. horizontal: (y – asymptotes)
1
Equation of the form f ( x)   b
x  a
i. x – asymptote : x  a  0
x  a
ii. y – asymptote: y  b
iii. y-intercept
iv. shape
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 1
Sketch f ( x ) 
x  3

4
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 y

1
x

3 3
1

Domain : x  3, x  R

Range : y  0, y  R
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 1
Sketch f ( x )  2 
x 1
 y
Domain : Range :
x   1, x  R y  2, y  R

2
1
x
6 4  2 1 2 4 6

2

4
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Equation of the form
a
f ( x)   c
x  b
2

i. x – asymptote translation: x  a  0
x  a
ii. y – asymptote translation: y  b
iii. y-intercept iv. shape
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 4
Sketch f ( x)   1
( x  2) 2

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 

 x

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 ax  b
Equation of the form f ( x) 
cx  d
ax a
y- asymptote y  
cx c
x- asymptote:(Denominator = 0) cx  d  0
cx   d
y - intercept : (x = 0)
d
x  
x - intercept :(Numerator = 0) c
ax  b  0
ax   b
b
x  
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a 12
 2x  4
E.g. 1 Sketch y 
x  1
 y
6

6 4 2 0

2 4 6
x
2

4 

6
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E.g. 1 find the equation of the function given

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More Complicated Rational Functions
• Bottom - Heavy Function
• Balanced Function
• Top Heavy Function
In order to sketch above 3 functions, you need to
find 5 things:
1. x-intercept (numerator = 0)
2. y-intercept (x = 0)
3. x asymptote (denominator = 0)
4. Sign curve
5. y asymptote: this is different for all 3 types
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y asymptote:

a. For Bottom heavy its always y = 0 (x-axis).

coef . of x
b. For Balanced : y
coef . of x

c. Top Heavy: for this it is called Slanting Asymptote.

This is found by Long Division.

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Type 1 : Bottom - Heavy Function
6 ( x  1)
f ( x) 
 x  3  x  2 

19
 y
6
6( x  1)
f ( x) 
( x  3)( x  2) 4

2

 x
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
2
6
4

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Type 2 : Balanced Function
2( x  2)( x  3)
f ( x) 
( x  1)( x  2)

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 6


3 2 1 2
Type 3 : Top - Heavy Function
x( x  1)
Eg. 1: f ( x) 
x  1

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 x  4
2

Eg. 2: f ( x) 
x  1

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Write an Equation
f(x) f(x)=(x-2)/(x-3)(x+2)

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

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 

   


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 UNIT 7
EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
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Exponential Functions f ( x)  a x

Note:

• Has only y – asymptote which changes.

• Domain is always x R
• Range is either y >___ or y < ___

• The y –asymptote is +b.

f ( x)  2 x
b
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 f ( x)  2 x
f ( x )  2x

f ( x)   2 x

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33
 x
Eg. Sketch f ( x)  2  3

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 Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic functions are inverse of exponential
functions. y  log x
a
Note:
• Has only x – asymptote which changes.

• Domain is either x > ___ or x < ___

• Range is always y R
• The x –asymptote is x = 1 f ( x )  log 2 ( x  1)
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y  log 2  ( x )
y  log 2 x

y   log 2 x

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Eg. 1 Sketch f ( x )   log 2 ( x  2)

V.Asymp. x = 2

D: x > 2, x R
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R: y R 38
Eg. 2 Sketch f ( x )  log 2 (2  x )  log 2  ( x  2)

V.Asymp. x = 2

D: x < 2, x R
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R: y R 39