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Grade 12 U4
Grade 12 U4
UNIT44: : ELECTROSTATICS
ELECTROSTATICS
· General:
The study of electric charges at rest is called electrostatics.
atom: Np+ = Ne- Qnet = 0 Atom is electrically neutral.
Solution: FA = FB = Motion
qE = … of the electron is like a projectile motion.
· Coulomb’s law:
F12 = F21 = Fel
K.Q1.Q2
Fel =
r2
K = ¼o= 9 x 109Nm2/C2
o= 8.85 x 10 – 12 F/m permittivity of
vacuum
It is a measure of how easy it is for an electric field to be set up in vacuum.
Gauss’s law:
Definition: electric flux () = EA = E.A.cos
= V.m, …
A = An
permanent dipole
el. dipole: induced dipole
Fig. A water
instantaneous dipole
molecule
Example: A water molecule is a permanent dipole
Micro oven
Millikan’s oil-drop experiment: ( See p.157 )
It helped to determine the charge on an e-.
“e/m “ uniquely identifies a particle.
Stokes’ law:
F = 6vr force exerted on a spherical object of
radius r moving at a speed v through a liquid
of viscosity .
Millikan applied this law to determine the charges on oil drops:
At v terminal: F = mg = 6vterr; = air viscosity
When an oil drop is stationary, mg = Q.E. …
4.2 Electric Potential
el. absolute potential (V):
r
A
Definition:
el. p.d. ( voltage) VBA = WBA / qo
VBA = (W A – W B )/qo = VA – VB
= K.Q ( 1/rA – 1/rB )
The potential around a single point charge:
24cm
8cm A B
1800V 600V lower potential
16nC
higher potential
24cm
8cm
Exercise 6: a) How does an electron move in an electric field?
b) How does a proton move in an electric field?
Ans: a) An electron travels from a lower potential to a higher
potential always!
b) …
Equipotentials:
An equipotential is a line ( in 2D space ), or a surface
( in 3D space ), joining points of equal potential.
N.B.: El. field lines are perpendicular to an equipotential
surface.
. W = 0 along an equipotential surface.
In a uniform el. field, equipotential lines, or surfaces,
are parallel.
The equipotential surfaces of a point charge are
concentric spherical shells.
In a given el. field, closer lines indicate higher p.d.
Equipotentials in radial fields :
Complex fields:
Measuring equipotential: See on p.167
E and V:
a) In a non-uniform el. field:
W F
V= q E= q
o o
r E = (K.Q/r2) r = E.r
V = K.Q/r and E = K.Q/r2
E = V/r For a point charge
In a radial field:
VBA = E. sBA
W BA V = VA – VB = p.d.
( change of el. potential )
Q
A B
= K.Q( 1/rA – 1/rB ) =
= K.Q. r/r2 for r 0.
and also V = WBA/qo WBA = qo.V
= EPE
= EPE A – EPE B
= UA – U B
= U
The law of conservation of EM:
An e- loses EPE as it moves nearer to a +vely charged
sphere.
When the e-, or any other charged particle, moves in an
el. field, EM = const. EM = EP + EK = const.
EPi + EKi = EPf + EKf EK = - EP
When EK , EP , or vice versa!
Exercise 7: Determine the change in the EPE of an e- when
it moves from a point 1 ( r1 = 10cm ) to another
point 2 ( r2 = 2cm ) in the el. field of a charged sphere of
0.05mC.
Solution: EPE = K.Q.qe( 1/r2 – 1/r1 )
= KQqe (1/2cm – 1/10cm)
e- =K.Qqe ( 4/10cm )
= emf of battery
V = p.d. between capacitor plates
The charging process lasts a very short
time. Charging stops when V =
stored charge Q V
Q = C.V
Capacitance C = Q/V
C = C/V ( F (farad )), …
1F = 1C/V
capacitance Co = o.A/d in vacuum
C = .A/d with a dielectric
o = permittivity of vacuum
= permittivity of dielectric
2.) Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = QR
CR = C 1 + C 2 + C 3
In series:
1.) V1+V2+V3 = VR
2.) Q1= Q2= Q3 = QR
3.) Q/C1+ Q/C2+ Q/C3=Q/CR
Exercise 10:
a) CT = ?
b) Q1, Q2, Q3 = ?
c) V1, V2, V3 = ?
Energy stored in a capacitor:
Energy stored
W = ½ Q.V in a capacitor
Do you see that within ‘2’ 86.5% of the charge on a capacitor is gone?
Now, it is considered almost empty.
Exercise 11: A 20-F capacitor is discharged through a
40-k resistor. How long will it take for the p.d.
across the capacitor to fall to 25% of its initial value?
Solution: C = 20F, R = 40k, V/Vo = 25% = 0.25; t = ?
Starting from V = Vo.e – t/R.C V/Vo = 0.25 = e – t/R.C
– t/R.C = ln0.25 = - 1.386 t = 1.386 x R.C
= 1.386x4x104 x2x10 – 5F
= 1.1 s
Charging a capacitor:
As the capacitor charges, I & Q change,
while ‘’ and ‘C’ do NOT change.
= V C + VR I = dQ/dt
= Q/C + I.R
V = I.R
Now, if we differentiate , we get:
d/dt = 0 = 1/C x dQ/dt + R.dI/dt
0 = 1/R.C x dQ/dt + dI/dt.
Since dQ/dt = I 0 = (1/R.C)x I + dI/dt
I = V/R
dI/I = – dt/R.C, I = Io.e – 1/R.C Io = Vo/R
VR = Vo. e – 1/R.C VC = - VR and Vo = ,