C. K.

Pithawala College Of Engineering &

Technology

VARIABLE, REDUCIBLE VARIABLE,

HOMOGENEOUS, NON-HOMOGENEOUS

Group Member:

1. Anajwala Parth A. - 160093106001

2. Bhagat Harsh G. - 160093106002
3. Kotak Jeet L. - 160093106005
4. Sapariya Kuldeep K. - 160093106010 1
FIRST ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
In this lecture we discuss various methods
of solving first order differential equations.
These include:
• Variables separable
• Homogeneous equations
Variables Separable

The first-order differential equation

dy
 f  x, y 
dx (1)

is called separable provided that f(x,y)

can be written as the product of a
function of x and a function of y.
Suppose we can write the above equation as
dy
 g ( x ) h( y )
dx
We then say we have “ separated ” the
variables. By taking h(y) to the LHS, the
equation becomes
 1
dy  g ( x)dx
h( y )
Integrating, we get the solution as

1
 h( y ) 
dy  g ( x ) dx  c

where c is an arbitrary constant.

 dy
Example 1. Consider the DE y
dx
Separating the variables, we get
1
dy  dx
y
Integrating we get the solution as
ln | y | x  k

or y  ce , c an arbitrary constant.
x
Example 2. Consider the DE
3
2 x
3 x ln y dx  dy  0
y
Separating the variables, we get
1 3
dy   dx
ln y y x
Integrating we get the solution as
ln | ln y | 3 ln x  k

or c an arbitrary constant.
ln y  3 , c
x
Homogeneous equations
Definition A function f(x, y) is said to be
homogeneous of degree n in x, y if
f (tx , ty )  t f ( x, y ) for all t, x, y
n

Examples f ( x, y )  x  2 xy  y
2 2

is homogeneous of degree 2.
y yx
f ( x, y )   sin( )
x x
is homogeneous of degree 0.
A first order DE M ( x, y ) dx  N ( x, y ) dy  0
is called homogeneous if M ( x, y ) , N ( x, y )
are homogeneous functions of x and y of the
same degree.
This DE can be written in the form
dy
 f ( x, y )
dx
where f ( x, y )   M ( x, y ) / N ( x, y ) is
clearly homogeneous of degree 0.
The substitution y = z x converts the given
equation into “variables separable” form and
hence can be solved. (Note that z is also a (new)
variable,) We illustrate by means of examples.
 Example 3. Solve the DE

(3 x  y ) dy  2 xy dx  0
2 2

dy 2 xy
That is 
dx (3 x  y )
2 2

Let y = z x. Hence we get

2
dz 2z x 2z
zx  
dx (3 x  z x ) (3  z )
2 2 2 2
 dz 2z z z 3
or x  z
dx (3  z )
2
(3  z )
2

Separating the variables, we get

(3  z )
2
dx
dz 
z z
3
x
Integrating we get
(3  z )
2
dx
 z 3  z dz   x
 We express the LHS integral by partial
fractions. We get
 3 1 1  dx
   z  z  1  z  1  dz   x  ln c
3
or z ( z  1)( z  1)  cx, c an arbitrary constant.
Noting z = y/x, the solution is:
( y  x)( y  x)  c y , c an arbitrary constant
3

or x  y  c y , c an arbitrary constant
2 2 3
Non-homogeneous equations

We shall now see that some equations can

be brought to homogeneous form by
appropriate substitution.

Example 5 Solve the DE

(2 x  y  1) dx  ( x  3 y  2) dy  0
dy (2 x  y  1)
That is 
dx ( x  3 y  2)
We shall now put x = u+h, y = v+k
where h, k are constants ( to be chosen).
Hence the given DE becomes
dv (2u  v  2h  k  1)

du (u  3v  h  3k  2)
We now choose h, k such that
2h  k  1  0 Hence
1 3
h  3k  2  0 h , k 
5 5
Hence the DE becomes
dv (2u  v)

du (u  3v)
which is homogeneous in u and v.
Let v = z u. Hence we get
dz (2  z )
z u 
du (1  3 z )
 dz (2  z ) (2  2 z  3z ) 2

or u  z
du (1  3z ) (1  3 z )
Separating the variables, we get
(1  3z ) du
dz  
2  2 z  3z 2
u
Integrating we get u (2  2 z  3z )  c
2 2

i.e. 2u  2uv  3v  c
2 2

1 3 3 2
or 2( x  1/ 5)  2( x  )( y  )  3( y  )  c
2

5 5 5
Example 6 Solve the DE
(6 x  4 y  3) dx  (3 x  2 y  2) dy  0
dy (6 x  4 y  3)
That is 
dx (3 x  2 y  2)

Now the previous method does not work as

the lines 6x  4 y  3  0
3x  2 y  2  0
are parallel. We now put u = 3x + 2y.
The given DE becomes
1 du (2u  3)
(  3)  
2 dx (u  2)
du (4u  6)  u
or  3 
dx (u  2) u  2
Separating the variables, we get
u2
du   dx
u
 u2
du   dx
u
Integrating, we get

u  ln u   x  c
2

i.e.

3 x  2 y  ln (3 x  2 y )  x  c
2