The Open Systems

Interconnection model
 The Open System
Interconnection Model (OSI)
• The International Standards Organization
(ISO) has developed a universal
architecture for computer communications.
• This standard, Known as the open Systems
Interconnection model, or OSI model.
• The purpose of OSI is to permit
communications among devices made by
manufacturers.
 The OSI Model
• Model for understanding and
developing computer-to-computer
communication
• Developed in the 1980s by ISO
• Divides network architecture into
seven layers
 OSI Layers
• OSI has seven layers.
• Each layer represents a particular
function.
• It could be, each function is preformed by
a separate piece of hardware or software.
• Sometimes, a single program may
performed the functions of several layers.
The OSI Model
 OSI Layers
• All layers are necessary for
communications to occur.
• The ISO-OSI model chooses to divided
the function of computer communications
into seven layers, though more or fewer
could have been chosen.
 OSI Layers

• The Lowest layer, Known as physical

Layer or Layer 1,
– is responsible for transmission of bits.
– Is always implemented by using hardware.
– Is encompasses the mechanical, electrical,
and functional interface.
– Is the interface to the outside world
– using electronic signals as specified by
interface standards.
 OSI Layers
• The Data Link Layer, Or Layer 2,
– is responsible for ensuring error-free,
– reliable transmission of data.
– Scrutinizes the bits received to determine if
errors occurred during transmission.
– Is able to request retransmission or correction
of any errors using protocols.
 OSI Layers
• The Network Layer, or Layer 3,
– is responsible for setting up the appropriate
routing of messages throughout a network
– is concerned with he types of switching
networks used to route the data
• Note:
Physical, Data Link, and Network layers are
usually referred to as the lower layers
 OSI Layers
• The Transport Layer, or Layer 4,
– is responsible for isolating the function of
the lower layers from the higher layers
– is responsible for monitoring the quality of
the communication channel
– is responsible for selecting the most cost
efficient communication service.
– accepts messages from higher layers, and
breaks them down into messages that can
be accepted by the lower layers
 OSI Layers
• The Session Layer, or Layer 5,
– is responsible for terminating the connection
– requests a logical connection be established
based on the end user’s request
– handles any necessary “log-on” and password
procedures.
 OSI Layers
• The Presentation Layer, or Layer 6,
– provides format and code conversion services
– handles any necessary conversion different
character codes; example
ASCII-to- EBCDIC
 OSI Layers
• The Application Layer or Layer 7,
– provides access to the network for the end
user
– determines the user’s capabilities on the
network
– some Application Layer software, permit
remote terminal to only access a host
computer; other Application Layer software
might also permit file transfers.
Application Program Interface (API)
• Routine that allows a program to interact with
the operating system
• Belongs to Application layer of OSI Model
• Microsoft Message Queueing (MSMQ)
– API used in network environment
– Stores messages sent between nodes in queues
– Forwards these messages to their destination
 OSI Model

Functions of the OSI layer

 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• The TCP/IP Suite
– is a collection of protocols originally designed
for use on an network connecting U.S.
government agencies with universities
performing research
– specifies protocols at various levels of the
OSI model and covers a wide variety of tasks
likely to be performed on an open network
 Communication Between Two
Systems
• Token
– Special control frame indicating to rest of
network that a particular node has right to
transmit data
• Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
– Field in a frame responsible for ensuring that
data carried by frame arrives intact
Communication Between Two
Systems

Data transfer between two systems

Addressing Through the Layers
• Data Link layer address
– Also called MAC address, after Media
Access Control (MAC) sublayer
– Number uniquely defining a network node
– Composed of Block ID and Device ID
– Manufacturer-hard codes the address on the
NIC
Addressing Through the Layers
• Network layer address
– Resides at Network level of OSI Model
– Follows hierarchical addressing scheme
– Can be assigned through operating system
software
IEEE Networking Specifications
• To accommodate shared access for
multiple network nodes, IEEE expanded
OSI Model by separating Data Link layer
into two sublayers:
– Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
– Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer
 Data Link Layer Sublayers
• LLC
– Upper sublayer
– Provides common interface
– Supplies reliability and flow control services
• MAC
– Lower sublayer
– Appends physical address of destination
computer onto the frame
Subdivided Data Link Layer