VARIOUS SCREENING DESIGNS –

FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS
Factorial Experiment:

A type of statistical experimental design

wherein experimental runs are made at all the
possible combinations of the levels of the
factors considered
 ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance):

-Common procedure used to deal with testing the

equality of several means

- Variation in the experimental data is analyzed by

breaking down the total response into meaningful
components attributed to so-called factor main effects,
interaction effects and the experimental error
2K FACTORIAL
Analysis of 2k Factorial Experiments:

- Special case involving k factors at only 2

levels per factor (setting is normally either
high or low)

Ex. 26 = 6 factors, 64 distinct combinations

Response: deviation filling height bottles

Factors:carbon dioxide level (%) A

pressure (psi) B
Analysis of 2k Factorial Experiments:

- Used to identify, which among a large number

of potential factors have statistical significance

-Measures not only the main effects of the

factors but also the interactions between the
factors
.: If the two factors interact, it means that the
effect of one factor depend on the setting of the other
Coding System:

1. Factors are assigned with capital letters

ex. 24 = A B C D

2. Treatment combination that has only low

setting for all the factors is coded as (1)

3. Other treatment combinations are given

letter codes using the corresponding lower
case letters of the coded factor
Coding System:

4. If the setting for the factor is low, lower

case letter for that factor should not
appear in the combination code. If the
setting is high, then lower case should
appear

5. Standard code of listing combinations

will always begin with the sequence

(1), a, b, ab
Coding System:

6. Next standard order, consider the

succeeding lower case letter and multiply
this with the combinations in the original
sequence. Repeat this step until the last
factor is considered
Ex. (1) a b ab
use c as multiplier: c ac bc abc
use d as multiplier: d ad bd abd
cd acd bcd abcd
For 2k:

 If an effect is (+), there is an increase in

response as the setting is changed from low
to high

 If an effect is (-), opposite occurs

 no effect, not significant

 FACTORIAL (2k) DESIGNS (k = 2):
GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
 Neither factor A nor Factor B have an
effect on the response variable.

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 FACTORIAL (2k) DESIGNS (k = 2):
GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
 Factor A has an effect on the response
variable, but Factor B does not.

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 FACTORIAL (2k) DESIGNS (k = 2):
GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
 Factor A and Factor B have an effect on
the response variable.

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 FACTORIAL (2k) DESIGNS (k = 2):
GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
 Factor B has an effect on the response variable, but
only if factor A is set at the “High” level. This is
called interaction and it basically means that the
effect one factor has on a response is dependent on
the level you set other factors at. Interactions can be
major problems in a DOE if you fail to account for the
interaction when designing your experiment.

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Main effect of a factor:
-Calculate the average response at the high
level minus the average response at the low
level,

Suppose that there are 2 factors, A and B.

We perform 4 measurements with the following settings:
• A -1 and B -1 (short: (1) )
• A +1 and B -1 (short: a )
•A -1 and B +1 (short: b )
• A +1 and B +1 (short: ab )
 A B yield
(1) -1 -1 35
b -1 1 40
a 1 -1 50
ab 1 1 60
 A B yield
(1) -1 -1 35
b -1 1 40
a 1 -1 50
ab 1 1 60

Effect A = ½(-35 - 40 + 50 + 60) = 17.5

Effect B = ½(-35 + 40 – 50 + 60) = 7.5
 A B AB yield
(1) -1 × -1 = 1 35
AB equals
b -1 × 1 = -1 40 the product
a 1 × -1 = -1 50 of the columns
A and B
ab 1 × 1 = 1 60

Effect AB = ½(60-40) - ½(50-35) = 2.5

 2k DESIGNS (k > 2)
 As the number of factors increase, the
number of runs needed to complete a
complete factorial experiment will
increase dramatically. The following 2k
design layout depict the number of runs
needed for values of k from 2 to 5. For
example, when k = 5, it will take 25 = 32
experimental runs for the complete
factorial experiment.

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 Interactions for 2k Designs (k = 3)
 Interactions between various factors
can be estimated for different designs
above by multiplying the appropriate
columns together and then subtracting
the average response for the lows
from the average response for the
highs.

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Interactions for 2k Designs (k = 3)

a b c ab ac bc abc
-1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1
+1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
-1 +1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
+1 +1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 +! 1 -1 -1 1
+1 -1 +1 -1 1 -1 -1
-1 +1 +1 -1 -1 1 -1
+1 +1 +1 1 1 1 1

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 I A B AB C AC BC ABC
(1) + - - + - + + -
a + + - - - - + +
b + - + - - + - +
ab + + + + - - - -
c + - - + + - - +
ac + + - - + + - -
bc + - + - + - + -
abc + + + + + + + +