Intensity Transformations

Sections 3.1-3.3
Digital Image Processing
Gonzales and Woods

Irina Rabaev
Representing digital image

value f(x,y) at each x, y is called intensity level or gray level

Intensity Transformations and Filters
g(x,y)=T[f(x,y)]
f(x,y) – input image,
g(x,y) – output image
T is an operator on f defined over a neighborhood of point (x,y)
Intensity Transformation
1 x 1 is the smallest possible neighborhood.
In this case g depends only on value of f at a single
point (x,y)
and we call T an intensity (gray-level mapping)
transformation and write
s = T(r)
where r and s denotes respectively the intensity of g
and f at any point (x, y).
Some Intensity Transformation Functions
 Image Negatives
Denote [0, L-1] intensity levels of the image.

Image negative is obtained by s= L-1-r

 Log Transformations
s = clog(1+r), c – const, r ≥ 0
Maps a narrow range of low intensity values in the input into a wider range of
output levels. The opposite is true for higher values of input levels.
 Power–Law (Gamma) transformation
s = crγ, c,γ –positive constants
curve the grayscale components either to brighten the intensity (when γ < 1)
or darken the intensity (when γ > 1).
Power –Law (Gamma) transformation
Power –Law (Gamma) transformation
 Contrast stretching
Contrast stretching is a process that expands the range of intensity levels in a image
so that it spans the full intensity range of the recording medium or display device.
Contrast-stretching transformations increase the contrast between the darks and the lights
Thresholding function
Intensity-level slicing
Highlighting a specific range of gray levels in an image
 Histogram processing
The histogram of a digital image with
gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is a discrete
function h(rk)=nk , where rk is the kth gray
level and nk is the number of pixels in the
image having gray level rk.
It is common practice to normalize a
histogram by dividing each of its values by
the total number of pixels in the image,
denoted by the product MN.

Thus, a normalized histogram is given by

h(rk)=nk/MN

The sum of all components of a

normalized histogram is equal to 1.
Histogram Equalization

 Histogram equalization can be used to improve the visual appearance of an

image.

 Histogram equalization automatically determines a transformation

function that produce and output image that has a near uniform histogram
Histogram Equalization
Let rk, k[0..L-1] be intensity levels and let p(rk) be its
normalized histogram function.
The intensity transformation function for histogram
equalization is

k
sk  T (rk )  ( L  1) pr (r j )
j 0

L 1 k
 
MN j 0
n j , k  0,1,2,..., L  1
 Histogram Equalization - Example
 Let f be an image with size 64x64 pixels and L=8 and let f has the intensity
distribution as shown in the table 0
p r(rk )=nk/MN nk rk s0  T (r0 )  7 pr (r j )  7 pr (r0 )  1.33
j 0

0.19 790 0 1
s1  T ( r1 )  7 pr (rj )  7( pr (r0 )  pr ( r1 ))  3.08
0.25 1023 2 j 0

0.21 850 1 s2  4.55, s3  5.67, s4  6.23, s5  6.65, s6  6.86, s7  7.00.

0.16 656 3 round the values to the nearest integer

0.08 329 4
0.06 245 5
0.03 122 6
0.02 81 7
 Local histogram Processing
Define a neighborhood and move its center from pixel to pixel. At each
location, the histogram of the points in the neighborhood is computed and
histogram equalization transformation is obtained.
Using Histogram Statistics for Image
Enhancement

Denote:
ri – intencity value in the range [0, L-1],
p(i) - histogram component corresponding to value ri .

The intensity variance:

Using Histogram Statistics for Image
Enhancement
Let (x, y) be the coordinates of a pixel in an image, and let Sxy denote a
neighborhood (subimage) of specified size, centered at (x, y).
The mean value of the pixels in this neighborhood is given by
L 1
mS xy   ri pS xy (ri )
i 0

where pS xy is the histogram of the pixels in region Sxy.

The variance of the pixels in the neighborhood is given by

L 1
 2
S xy   (ri  mS xy ) 2 pS xy (ri )
i 0
Using Histogram Statistics for Image
Enhancement

Tungsten filament
Using Histogram Statistics for Image
Enhancement
Using Histogram Statistics for Image
Enhancement