Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pesticides
Pesticides
PESTICIDES
• A pesticide is a substance that disrupts or kills organisms
that we consider to
be pests such as weeds, damaging insects, or microbes that cau
se disease.
• Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for
preventing, destroying, or
mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regul
ator, defoliant or desiccant.
• Pest- it is any animal, plant or microorganism that trouble, inju
ries or cause destruction of crop.
• Methods of pest control
• - They have two types- natural and artificial pest control.
•
Natural pest control- they are prepared in nature due to prey- preda
tor relationships.
Beneficial insects are those insects which prey on harmful insects or
their larvae.
•
Artificial pest control- these are man made methods to control pest
• In agricultural production the synthetic pesticides are
used which has got
sometimes carcinogenic, teratogenic and residual toxic effects.
The excessive use of it also causes serious health hazards to liv
e stocks, human life, wild life, fishes, birds and animals.
• Agriculture control these methods are used to destroy life cycle of pest
eg deep poughing for eradication of weeds, alternate crop rotation, hyb
rid pest resistance crop
• Chemical control- these are chemicals used to kill pest
eg. insecticides, paraciticides
• Biological control- Living organisms are used to control pest.
Eg microorganisms may be used to kill by causing fatal disease in insects
• Mechanical
manual or mechanical method for collection or destruction of
pest. Eg.hand
picking, pruning, trapping, burning for destruction of eggs, larv
ae, pupae, insects
Classification of pesticides
Pesticides are classified according to the pest they control;
Insecticides (Ants, moths, cockroaches)
Herbicides (Weeds)
Fungicides (Control fungal diseases)
Rodenticides (Rats)
cost
Characteristics of ideal pesticide
should have high margin of safety for plants and animals
easy to handle and apply –
should not be toxic for warm blooded animals –
should not be inflammable or explosive
should be available easily at affordable
Advantages
1. They are cheap (They are economical
2.They are less harmful to the human beings and more effec
tive against pest
3. They are more stable and can be kept for prolonged perio
d (Degradation is less)
4.They can be used to control the carriers of vector borne di
seases like malarial, sleeping sickness and dengue fever
Dis- advantages:
• The onset of action is slow
•The quantity of pesticide required may be more due to cru
de components
HERBICIDES
Herbicides, also commonly known as weed killers,
These are pesticides used to kill unwanted plants.
Selective herbicides kill specific
targets, while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed.
Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often
synthetic mimics of natural plant hormones.
Some plants produce natural herbicides, action of natural herbicides, and
other related chemical interactions, is called allelopathy.
The most frequent application of herbicides occurs in row-crop farming, where they
are applied before or during planting to maximize crop productivity by minimizing
other vegetation(weed)
Fungicides
Fungicides they are used to control fungal diseases of plants and food crops.
Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield,
quality, and profit Fungicides can either be contact, translaminar or systemic.
Contact fungicides are not taken up into the plant tissue, and protect only
the plant where the spray is deposited;
translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper,
sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface;
systemic fungicides are taken up and redistributed through the xylem vessels.
Few fungicides move to all parts of a
plant. Some are locally systemic, and some move upwardly
Fumigation
Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area
with gaseous pesticides or fumigants
to suffocate or poison the pests within.
It is used to control pests in buildings (structural fumigation), soil,
grain, and produce, and is also used during processing of goods to
be imported or exported to prevent transfer of exotic organisms.
Rodenticides
Rodenticides, rat poison, are pest control chemicals intended to
kill rodents. Rodenticides are controversial, due to secondary
poisoning and their risks to children, pets and wildlife.
Single feed baits are chemicals sufficiently dangerous that the
first dose is sufficient to kill.
rodents will eat a small bit of something and wait, and if they do
not get sick, they continue.
An effective rodenticides must be tasteless and odorless in
lethal concentrations, and have a delayed effect.
Tobacco
Tobacco
Synonym : Tobacco
Biological source: Tobacco consist of dried leaves of Nicotiona
tabacum belonging to the family Solanaceae.
colour : green to slightly brown
Odour : characteristic
Taste : bitter and acrid
Mode of action.
In both insects and mammals, nicotine is an extremely fast
acting nerve toxin. It competes with acetylcholine, the major neurotransmi
tter, by bonding to acetylcholine receptors at nerve synapses and
causing uncontrolled nerve firing.
This disruption of normal nerve impulse activity results in rapid
failure of those body systems that depend on nervous input for proper fun
ctioning. In insects, the action of nicotine is fairly selective, and only
certain types of insects are affected.
Chemical constituents
Consists of pyridine , piperidine type of alkaloids among them 1-
10% nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine
Uses Insecticidal
free base of nicotine is more toxic than sulphate,
Mostly effective against minute soft body insects like aphides, wh
ite flies, fruit tree borers, termites, cabbage butterfly larvae
Nicotine preparations are safer, easier to handle, less toxic to war
m blooded animal
Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum
Synonym; Insect flowers, pyrethrum flowers
Biological source :It consist of dried unexpanded flower-
heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium belonging to
the family Compositae, consists of NLT 0.7 % pyrethrins.
Before drying flower heads are non toxic to insect
Mode of action.
Pyrethrins exert their toxic effects by disrupting the sodium and
potassium ion exchange process in insect nerve fibers and interrupting
the normal transmission of nerve impulses.
Pyrethrins insecticides are extremely fast acting and cause an
immediate “knockdown” paralysis in insects.
Despite their rapid
toxic action, however, many insects are able to metabolize (break dow
n) pyrethrins
quickly. After a brief period of paralysis, these insects may recover rath
er than die.
To prevent insects from metabolizing pyrethrins and recovering from p
oisoning,
most products containing pyrethrins also contain the synergist, pipero
nyl butoxide
(PBO). Without PBO the effectiveness of pyrethrins is greatly reduced.
pyrethrins” refers to the six related insecticidal compounds tha
t occur naturally in the crude material, the pyrethrum
flowers.
They are extracted from crude
pyrethrum dust as a resin that is used in the manufacture of va
rious insecticidal products.
NEEM tree
The NEEM tree (Azadirachta indica) belonging to the
family Meliaceae) is a
tropical evergreen tree native to India and is also found in othe
r southeast countries.
In India, neem is known as “the village pharmacy” because of it
s healing versatility,
The product known as “neem oil” is more like a vegetable or horti
cultural oil and
acts to suffocate insects. Neem and neem oil are often confused.
Mode of action.
Neem is a complex mixture of biologically active materials, and it
is difficult to pinpoint the exact modes of action of various extract
s or preparations.
In insects, neem is most active as a feeding deterrent, but in vario
us forms it also serves as a repellent, growth regulator,
oviposition (egg deposition) suppressant, sterilant, or toxin.
As a repellent, neem prevents insects from initiating feeding. As
a feeding deterrent, it causes insects to stop feeding. As a
feeding, either immediately after the first
“taste” (due to the presence of deterrent taste factors), or at so
me point soon after the food (due to secondary hormonal
or physiological effects of the deterrent substance).
As a growth regulator, neem is thought to disrupt normal
development interfering with chitin synthesis. Susceptibility to t
he various effects of neem differs by species
Neem (leaf and seed) extracts have been found to have insectici
dal properties. has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-
nematicidalproperties and positive effect in
combating several diseases
DERRIS
DERRIS
Biological source: It consists of dried root
and rhizomes of Derris elliptica and Derris
malaccensis
belonging into the family Leguminosae
Chemical constituents:
It contains isoflavonoid derivative Rotenone
Mode of action
Mode of action of rotenone is a respiratory enzyme inhibitor, acting between NAD+
(a coenzyme involved in oxidation and reduction in metabolic pathways) and
coenzyme Q (a respiratory enzyme responsible for carrying electrons in some electr
on transport chains), resulting in failure of the respiratory functions
1. It is a Contact poison
2.Used in the form of spray for killing vegetable insects during harvesting time
such as leaf hopper
3. Insecticidal from the rotenone in the roots.
4.Rotenone has also been found effective against plant lice, leaf beetles, aphi
ds, flies, caterpillars, ticks, chicken lice, red spiders and other insects.
5.It has been reported to be more effective than potassium cyanide or nicotin
e and
equally effective as pyrethrum, Because of toxicity, rotenone as insecticidal
is being phased out in many eco-conscious countries
SABADILLA
SABADILLA synonym: stickweed.
Biological source: it consist of dried
ripe seeds of schoenocaulon officinale
Family:Liliaceae
• Chemical Constituents---Sabadilla contains several alkaloids, the most important
being Cevadine, yielding cevine on hydrolysis;
• Veratrine, obtained from the syrupy liquor from which the cevadine has
crystallized; and Cevadilline or Sabadillie,
obtained after the extraction of the veratrine with ether.
• Mode of action.
In insects, sabadilla’s toxic alkaloids affect nerve cell membrane
action, causing loss of nerve cell membrane action, causing loss of nerve function,
paralysis and death.
Sabadilla kills insects of some species immediately, while
others may survive in a state of paralysis for several days before dying
RYANIA
• RYANIA Biological source: It consists of dried root and stems of Ryania speciosa belonging
to the family Flacourtiaceae.
• Ryania is a botanical insecticide made from the ground stems of Ryania speciosa, a native
plant of tropical America.
• The principal alkaloid in this stem extract is
ryanodine, which makes up approximately 0.2% of the product.
• Ryania is highly
toxic to the fruit moth, coddling moth, corn earworm, European corn borer, and
citrus thrips, but it is ineffective against the cabbage maggot, cauliflower worm,
and boll weevil.
• Ryania is a complex mixture of many compounds; thus, no single
structure would represent it
Mode of action.
• Ryania is a slow-acting stomach poison.
• Although it does not produce rapid knockdown
paralysis, it does cause insects to stop feeding soon after ingesting it.
• The most active compound in ryania is the alkaloid ryanodine, which con
stitutes approximately 0.2% of the dry weight of stem wood.
Citrus Oil Extracts
• Citrus Oil Extracts: Limonene and Linalool Crude citrus oils and the
refined compounds d-limonene (hereafter referred to
simply as limonene) and linalool are extracted from orange and other cit
rus fruit peels.
• Limonene, a terpene, constitutes about 90% of crude citrus oil,
and is purified from the oil by steam distillation.
Mode of action.
• The modes of action of limonene and linalool in insects are not fully understood.
• Limonene is thought to cause an increase in the spontaneous
activity of sensory nerves.
• This heightened activity sends spurious information to
motor nerves and results in twitching, lack of coordination, and convulsions.
• The
central nervous system may also be affected, resulting in additional stimulation of
motor nerves. Massive over stimulation of motor nerves leads to rapid knockdown
paralysis
RODENTICIDES
• Red squill and white squill
Are both varieties of Urginea maritima
Family:Liliacea
The bulb of red squillalso contain the glycosides scilliroside and
scillirubroside
Unlike other mammals,Rodents do not regurgitate the squill bulb
and death follows convulsion and respiratory failure.
• Strychnine ;from strychnos species of family Logaceae.