Lecture 15

CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE(CVD)

AND ITS PREVENTION

Instructor :shakina Sultana

 CVD is the #1 killer

• CVDs are the number 1 cause of death globally

• 17.7 million people died from CVDs in 2015

• 7.4 million were due to coronary heart disease and

6.7 million were due to stroke
 What are cardiovascular diseases
• CORONARY HEART DISEASE – disease of the
blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
What are cardiovascular diseases
• CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE – disease of the
blood vessels supplying the brain
 What are cardiovascular diseases?

• PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE – disease of

blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
 What are cardiovascular diseases
• RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE – damage to the
heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic
fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria
What are cardiovascular diseases
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE – malformations of
heart structure existing at birth
 Heart attacks and strokes

• Acute events
• Mainly caused by a blockage that prevents
blood from flowing to the heart or brain

• Strokes can also be caused by bleeding from a

blood vessel in the brain or from blood clots.
 Heart attacks and strokes

• A build-up of fatty
deposits on the inner
walls of the blood
vessels that supply the
heart
What are common symptoms of heart attack?

• Symptoms of a heart attack include:

 Pain or discomfort in the center of the chest;
 Pain or discomfort in the arms, the left
shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back.
What are common symptoms of heart attack?

• In addition the person may experience

 difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath;

 feeling sick or vomiting;
 feeling light-headed or faint;
 breaking into a cold sweat; and becoming pale.
 Women are more likely to have shortness of breath,
nausea, vomiting, and back or jaw pain.
 Common symptoms of stroke
The most common symptom of a stroke is sudden weakness of the face,
arm, or leg, most often on one side of the body.
• Other symptoms :
a. numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body;
b. confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech;
c. difficulty seeing with one or both eyes;
d. difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination;
e. severe headache with no known cause; and
f. fainting or unconsciousness.

People experiencing these symptoms should seek medical care

immediately.
 Risk factors for CVD?
o Genetics
o Age: 82 % of people who die of coronary heart
disease are 65 and older.
o Sex: Men are at greater risk of heart disease than pre-
menopausal women
o Unhealthy diet,
o Physical inactivity,
o Tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol
 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

• Air pollution :Particulate matter has been

studied for its short- and long-term exposure
effects on cardiovascular disease
 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease
• Occupational exposure
A 2017 SBU report found evidence that workplace
exposure to silica dust, engine exhaust or welding
fumes is associated with heart disease
 PREVENTION
Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided

• Tobacco cessation and avoidance of second-

hand smoke.
Smoking cessation reduces risk by about 35%.

• Low-fat, low-sugar, high-fiber diet including

whole grains and fruit and vegetables.
 PREVENTION

• At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes)

of moderate exercise per week.
• Limit alcohol consumption
• Decrease LDL cholesterol
• Decrease body fat if overweight or obese
• Decrease psychosocial stress