Exception handling

Introduction
• In PL/SQL ,a warning error condition is called an
exception
• When an error occurs , an exception is raised that is the
normal execution stops and the control transfers to the
exception handling part of the PL/SQL block.
• Exceptions of two types :
Predefined
User Defined
• Exceptions are identifiers in PL/SQL which may be
raised during the execution of a block to terminate its
main body of actions.
Predefined Exceptions:
• These are internally defined by the runtime system
• These are raised implicitly whenever program violates an
Oracle rule or exceeds a system dependent limit.
• Every Oracle error has a number, but exceptions must be
handled by a name.
• These are raised automatically.
Exception Handlers:
• Any type of exception is raised , control is passed to the
exception section.
• If the exception is not handled there ,the program terminates .
• We can handle the exception using following statement.
when <exception identifier> then actions
Declare
a emp%rowtype;
Begin
select * into a from emp where job=‘MANAGER’;
dbms_output.put_line(a.empno || a.ename);
Exception
when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line (‘no
records in the table);
when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line(‘More
than one manager ‘);
End;
 Error
• INVALID_CURSOR
• CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
• NO_DATA_FOUND
• TOO_MANY_ROWS
• LOGON_DENIED
• INVALID_NUMBER
• NO_DATA_FOUND
• VALUE_ERROR
• ZERO_DIVIDE
• OTHERS
• PL/SQL provides two functions for exception
handling:
SQLCODE : It returns the error number associated with
the exception. Outside the handler it returns zero.
SQLERRM : It returns character data .It returns the
complete error message.
Example:
when others then
dbms_output.put_line (‘error message’ || SQLERRM);
a := SQLCODE;
dbms_output.put_line (‘error message’ || a);
 User defined

• These are declared and defined by the user.

• It must be raised explicitly using the RAISE statement.
• Declare
identifier EXCEPTION;
out_of_stock EXCEPTION;
Declarations are similar to variable. These cannot appear in
assignment or SQL statements.
Example:
declare
out_of_stock exception;
a number;
Begin
select qoh into a from itemmast where itno=1234;
if a < 10 then
raise out_of_stock;
end if;
exception
when out_of_stock then
dbms_output.put_line (‘no stock’);
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line (‘no item exists);
end;
 Scope rules
• Exceptions cannot be declared twice in the same
block.
• Exceptions declared in a block is local to that but
global to its subblock.
• Inner block exceptions can be propagated to
outer block if there is no handler.
• If the same exception is declared again in the sub
block, it overrides the global exception.