PRACTICAL

RESEARCH
2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

The purpose of any scientific inquiry is to add

to a body of knowledge that helps explain,
predict, or control events of interest in the
domain.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Quantitative approach
designs and examines
social phenomena
through quantifiable
evidence, and often
relies on statistical
analysis of many causes to
create valid and reliable
general claims.
 QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

The overall goal of quantitative research

is to convey numerically what is being
seen in the research and to arrive at
specific and observable conditions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIV
E RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI
R.

1. The data are

usually gathered
using more
structured
instrument.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

2. The results are

based on larger
samples sizes that
are representative
of the population
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI
R.

3. The research
study can usually
be replicated or
repeated, give its
high reliability
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI
R.

4. The researcher has

a clearly defined
research question
to which objective
answers are sought.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI
R.

5. All aspects of the

study are carefully
designed before
the data are
collected.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI
R.

6. Data are in the

form of numbers
and statistics.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI
R.

7. Project can be used

generalize
concepts more
widely, predict
future results, or
TYPES OF
VARIABLE
S
 TYPES OF
VARIABLES

A variable is something that can

take on different values for
different subjects in a given
 TYPES OF
VARIABLES
 According to values

 According to scale of
measurement

 According to relationship
 TYPES OF
VARIABLES

1 TO
ACCORDING

VALUES
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
Qualitative
CategoricalVariable
Variableor
1.1.
These are variables
whose data are non-
numeric and whose
observation vary in kind
but not in degree.
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
Qualitative
CategoricalVariable
Variableor
1.1.
Examples:
sex- male or female
religion- Roman Catholic, Isla,
etc civil status- single, married
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
Quantitative Variable or
1.2. Continuous Variable
These are variables whose data
are counts or numerical
measurements and whose
observations vary in
magnitude
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
Quantitative Variable or
1.2. Continuous Variable
Examples:
age, income, number
of children, height,
weight
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
Quantitative Variable or
1.2. Continuous Variable
Two types of Quantitative Variable
1. Discrete Variables
2. Continuous
Variables
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
1.2.1. Discrete Variables
Quantitative variables whose
observations can assume only
a countable numbers and
values cannot take the decimal
form
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
1.2.1. Discrete Variables
Examples:
number of children in the
family number of students in
the class Number of houses in
the city
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
1.2.2. Continuous Variables
quantitative variables whose
observations can assume any
one of the countless number of
values in a line interval
 VARIABLES ACC. TO
VALUES
1.2.2. Continuous
Variables
Examples:5 feet, 4.6 inches
height-
115 lbs 68 kgs
weight- 1 hour, 46
time- minutes
 TYPES OF
VARIABLES

2 ACCORDING
TO SCALE OF
MEASUREMEN
T
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE
MSRMT.

2.1. Nominal Variable

variable whose data are
non- numeric labels that do
not reflect quantitative
information
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE
MSRMT.

2.1. Nominal Variable

Examples:
sex- male or female
civil status- single,
married
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE
MSRMT.

2.2. Ordinal Variable

Variables where there is a
meaningful order or
categories but there is no
measurable distance between
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE
MSRMT.

2.2. Ordinal Variable

• An ordinal variable is a nominal
variable, but its different states
are ordered in a meaningful
sequence.
• Ordinal data has order but the
intervals between scale points may be
uneven.
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE
MSRMT.

2.2. Ordinal Variable

• Because of lack of equal distances,
arithmetic operations are impossible,
but logical operations can be
performed on the ordinal data.
• A typical example of an ordinal
variable is the socio-economic status
of families.
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE
MSRMT.

2.3. Interval Variable

Variable whose data values are
ranged in a real interval and
can be as large as from
negative infinity to positive
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE
MSRMT.

2.3. Interval Variable

Examples:

temperature, IQ level
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE
MSRMT.

2.4. Ratio Variable

• The highest level of measurement that
has all the characteristics of the
interval plus a true zero point.
• Both the differences and the ration of
two values are meaningful and there
is always an absolute zero that is
meaningful.
 TYPES OF
VARIABLES

3 ACCORDING
RELATIONSHI
P
VARIABLES
ACC.RELATIONSHIP
3.1. Independent
Variable
Manipulated variable that
cause change in
another variable
VARIABLES
ACC.RELATIONSHIP

3.2. Dependent
Variable
Those that are affected
by independent
variables.
VARIABLES
ACC.RELATIONSHIP

Independent Dependent
Variable cause Variable
VARIABLES
ACC.RELATIONSHIP
3.3. Intervening
Variable
These are called test or control
variables that either increase
or decrease the effect of IV to
DV.