Xi-Screening Eagle - Multi-Technology Approach Concrete - 20200602 MP (Low)

Infrastructure & Asset Inspection – Concrete
Multi-Technology Approach
by Marcel Poser, CEO Screening Eagle Technologies
www.linkedin.com/in/ProtectTheBuiltWorld
1
Copyright © 2020 Screening Eagle Technologies AG or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
MP | 02.06.2020 2
Index
1. ABOUT US
2. WHY Infrastructure & Asset Inspection?
3. WHAT is Concrete?
4. HOW to Inspect Concrete?
I. Vital Signs
i. Rebound (Schmidt)
ii. Ultrasound Pulse Velocity (Pundit)
iii. Resistivity (Resipod)
II. Locating, Mapping & Imaging
i. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) & Ultrasound Pulse Echo (Pundit)
ii. Eddy Current & Half-Cell (Profometer)
5. WHO are our Customers?
3
ABOUT US
4
Screening Eagle Technologies
Protect the Built World
Swiss
Swiss Engineering
Engineering Global
Global Network
Network
St. Petersburg, Russia
Bedford, UK
Zurich, Switzerland
Pittsburgh, USA Malaga, Spain
Shanghai, China
Dubai
Singapore
Sao Paolo, Brazil
Leading NDT sensors Software & Robotics

since 1954 since 2015
>200 8 3 >200 >100
Employees Country offices R&D sites Distributors Countries
5
Screening Eagle Technologies
Full-stack Intelligent Inspection Ecosystem
+ =
ADVANCED SENSORS INTELLIGENT SOFTWARE PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
• Inspection • Data Visualization • Digital Twins

• Data Collection • Efficient Workflows • Artificial Intelligence
• Defect Detection • Holistic Assessment • Asset Lifecycle Management
6
WHY Infrastructure & Asset Inspection?
7
WHY Infrastructure and Asset Inspection
Birth Defects & Aging Infrastructure
8
US $210,000,000,000,000
value of all buildings lacking a proper quality rating
9
Crumbling Bridge Infrastructure
10%
Structurally Deficient
12%
Severe Damages
28.5%
Worsening or Deficient
10
Buildings & Bridges
Infrastructure
Transportation
Oil + Gas
Energy + Power
Massive Value At Risk

11
WHY Infrastructure and Asset Inspection
Challenges
Birth defects Aging infrastructure Data lost Paper records Shortage of inspectors
of new infrastructure due due to poor inspection and in analog style black box and highly fragmented and few young people entering
to lack of quality control maintenance inspection devices reporting tools the industry
12
WHAT is Concrete?
13
WHAT is Concrete
New Concrete per Year
22,000,000,000,000 kg
1 m3 per global capita per year..
…really lots of concrete!
14
WHAT is Concrete
Concrete Production
Global Concrete Production (Billion tons per year) 30
World
20
China
10 ROW
0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Time
15
WHAT is Concrete
The Human Analogy
Concrete = Muscle and Skin of the Structure

• inhomogeneous mix of aggregates, cement, admixtures & water
Steel Rebar = Skeleton of Reinforced Concrete

• alkaline concrete protects the rebars from corrosion
Post-tensioning = Tendons that keep the Structure in shape

• allows longer spans, reduce the amount of concrete and reduce cracking
Electrical Cables, Pipes etc. = Neural Network of a Structure

• are not structural but support the operation of the structural asset
16
WHAT is Concrete
Compressive Strength
Compressive strength of concrete in accordance
with EN 206 is defined by the characteristic value
fck (5% fractile of normal distribution) obtained in Number of Test Specimens (-)
destructive compressive tests executed at 28 days
after casting of cylindrical or cubic specimens.
Tested Specimens
Compressive strength classes are denoted 5% 95%

by the letter C followed by two numbers that
indicate the cylinder and cube characteristic
strength, expressed in MPa, for example C20/25.
The curve peak coincides with the average of

the compressive strength and is normally known as
the mean compressive strength fcm.
16 20 24 28 32 36 40
The characteristic compressive strength is lower
fck,cylinder fcm,cylinder
than the mean compressive strength and both may
Concrete Compressive Strength (MPa)
typically be related with the following expression:
fck,cylinder ≈ fcm.cylinder – 8 MPa
17
WHAT is Concrete
Strong in Compression & Weak in Tension
Load
Flexural Cracks
Beam
Shear Cracks Flexural Cracks
Support
Flexural Reinforcement Minimal Reinforcement
Shear Reinforcement Flexural Reinforcement
18
WHAT is Concrete
Durability of Concrete
In the early 20th century engineers thought that reinforced

concrete structures would last perhaps for 1000 years.
In reality, the lifespan is more like 50 years or less.

Deterioration can begin in as little as 5 years.
19
WHAT is Concrete
Cracks and Surface Defects
Cracks and Surface Defects occurring during the hardening of the concrete
• Early frost damage
• Plastic: shrinkage or settlement
• Construction movement: formwork or subgrade
Cracks and Surface Defects occurring after the hardening of the concrete
• Structural: overload, creep
• Chemical: disintegration, corrosion of reinforcement, alkali-aggregate reaction
• Physical: dying shrinkage, crazing, shrinkable aggregates
• Thermal: external variations, scaling (freeze/thaw), contraction (external or internal)
Cracks can be:

• Cosmetic (crazing)
• Structural weak-spots ► risk of structural failure
• Attack points for concrete cancer
20
WHAT is Concrete
Concrete Cancer
Concrete Cancer results from a volume expansion due to I. Rebar Corrosion, leading
to Cracks, II. Delamination and III. Spalling of the concrete.
I. Rebar Corrosion
i. Chlorides from marine environments (sea), de-icing salts, poor aggregates or
mixing water, and air-pollution penetrate the concrete and corrode the rebar
ii. Carbonation: CO2 (environment or air-pollution) reacts with the concrete,
resulting in shrinkage cracks and reduced pH, leading to rebar corrosion
iii. Loss of rebar cross-section weakens the structure and can result in a failure
II. Delamination: separation of the surface from the concrete below
III. Spalling: fragments of the surface detach from the concrete below
Concrete cancer in an advanced stage is deadly, hard to stop and expensive to fix.
21
WHAT is Concrete
Chlorides & Carbonation (Aging of Concrete)
Chlorides (Cl-) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Rust
H2O Cl- O2 CO2 CO2 CO2
Spalling
Cover
Crack
Delamination
Rebar
Chloride ions in the cement paste react to Carbonatation is a chemical reaction in Corroded steel (rust) expands in volume
form hydrochloric acid (HCl), which which calcium hydroxide (water+ cement) and the expansive force (oxide jacking or
destroys the passive protective layer of the reacts with carbon dioxide and forms rust burst) will cause cracking and damage
steel. In this situation the surface of the insoluble calcium carbonate which is lower to surrounding concrete.
steel acts as anode and the passive surface in pH and once it reaches the steel, the
coating acts as cathode. steels can start to corrode.
Fe → Fe++ 2 e-
Fe++ + 2 Cl- → FeCl2 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O Fe++ + 2(OH) → Fe(OH)2
FeCl2 + 2 H2O → Fe(OH)2 + 2 HCl pH > 12 → pH < 9 Fe(OH)2 + 2 H2O + 02 → Fe(OH)3
22
WHAT is Concrete
Carbonation (Aging of Concrete)
50% < Humidity < 85% 100
Higher Temperature
Higher CO2
Many Cracks 80
Rough Surface
Carbonation Depth (mm)

CEM III/b
Low Strength Concrete 60
High Water/Cement Ration (0.6)
40% > Humidity > 95%

Lower Temperature 40 40
Typical Rebar Cover (mm)

Lower CO2
Most Structures TODAY
Few Cracks
Smooth Surface 20 20
CEM I
High Strength Concrete
Low Water/Cement Ration (0.4) 0
0
20 40 60 80 100
Time (years)
23
It gets really bad!
cover detached from inner concrete and rebars corroded
24
WHAT is Concrete
Other Defects
Honeycombing: stony spaces on the inside or the surface due to poor workmanship
• structural weak-spots ► risk of structural failure
• attack points for concrete cancer if at the surface
Voids: cavities on the inside or the surface due to poor workmanship

• attack points for concrete cancer if at the surface
Wear / Erosion: mechanical abrasion of the surface of the concrete

• attack points for concrete cancer
25
Workmanship
trained workers and strong quality control are a must
26
WHAT is Concrete
Healthy Concrete
correct cover
✓
rebars in the right location

✓
NO honeycombing dense, uniform & strong concrete
✓
post-tensioning in the correct location

✓
NO voids
NO cracks
Rebar (small objects)
Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects)
Crack, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing (air)
27
HOW to Inspect Concrete?
28
HOW to Inspect Concrete
Vital Signs – Locating, Mapping & Imaging
Avoid birth-defects on new structures & perform health-checks during the service life
Vital Signs
• strength & uniformity ► structural strength
• homogeneity ► structural strength & protection of rebars
• permeability ► risk of rebar corrosion
Locating, Mapping & Imaging

• rebars, post-tensioning, cables, pipes (objects) ► structural elements correctly in place
• delamination, voids, honeycombing (defects) ► detect weak-spot & fight concrete cancer
• rebar cover & diameter ► protection of rebars & structural strength
• corrosion potential ► risk of rebar corrosion
29
Vital Signs – Locating, Mapping & Imaging
Avoid birth-defects on new structures & perform health-checks during the service life
Vital Signs:
• strength & uniformity ► Rebound (Schmidt)
• homogeneity ► Ultrasound Pulse Velocity (Pundit)
• permeability ► Resistivity (Resipod)

• rebars, post-tensioning, cables, pipes (objects) ► Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
• delamination, voids, honeycombing (defects) ► Ultrasound Pulse Echo (Pundit)
• rebar cover & diameter ► Eddy Current (Profometer)
• corrosion potential ► Half-cell Potential (Profometer)
30
Vital Signs
Post-tensioning, Cables, Pipes (larger objects)
Cracks, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing (air)
31
Vital Signs
Concrete: Homogeneity
Vital Signs
Pundit
Concrete: Strength & Uniformity

Vital Signs
Schmidt
Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects) Concrete: Permeability

Vital Signs
Resipod
32
Vital Signs
Strength & Uniformity ► Rebound (Schmidt)
Measure Convert to Strength Result
MPa
10 70
Original Schmidt R
5 100
Silver Schmidt Q
33
Vital Signs
Strength & Uniformity ► Rebound (Schmidt)
OS8200
OS8000
34
Vital Signs
Homogeneity ► Ultrasound Pulse Velocity (Pundit)
Good Quality Concrete
5000 m/s
Couplant
Poor Quality Concrete

Transmitter Receiver
3000 m/s
Defect
4000 m/s
35
Vital Signs
Crack Depth ► Ultrasound Pulse Velocity (Pundit)
Transmitter
Receiver
36
Vital Signs
Modulus of Elasticity ► Ultrasound Pulse Velocity (Pundit)
40 kHz Dry-Point 40 kHz

Shear Wave Transducer
37
Vital Signs
Homogeneity ► Ultrasound Pulse Velocity (Pundit)
Dry-Point Contact
Pundit 200 Ultrasound Probes
38
Vital Signs
Permeability ► Resistivity (Resipod)
(1) (2) (2) (1)
(1) current applied
(2) potential measures
Resistivity is directly linked to both the likelihood of corrosion due to chloride

diffusion and to the corrosion rate once depassivation of the steel has taken
place. A low electrical resistivity of the concrete means that the likelihood of
corrosion is high, while a high resistivity equals to a low corrosion risk.
Resipod
39
Rebound (Schmidt) – Ultrasound Pulse Velocity (Pundit) – Resistivity (Resipod)
Vital Signs
Strength & Uniformity Homogeneity Permeability
Schmidt Pundit Resipod
Rebound Ultrasound Pulse Velocity Resistivity

40
Back Wall

Rebars & Objects Defects & Objects
Locating, Mapping & Imaging Locating, Mapping & Imaging
GPR Pundit
80 cm
> 200 cm
Back Wall
42
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) & Ultrasound Pulse Echo (Pundit)
GPR (Radio Wave) Ultrasound Pulse Echo
Rebar
Back Wall
Air
Location Location
“hyperbola”
Time or Depth Time or Depth 43
The Archaic Principle
Pulsed GPR
2.6 GHz 2.0 GHz 1.6 GHz 1.0 GHz
Penetration Depth
Frequency Dilemma
small Detectable Objects large
44
The Technology Benchmark
Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW) GPR
6.0 GHz 0.2 GHz
Penetration Depth
Two unique Formfactors
Both with all required Frequencies
small Detectable Objects large
45
Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW) GPR
GP8000 GP8800
46
Ultrasound Pulse Echo (Pundit)
PD8000
47
Intuitive App Experience
48
Realtime Augmented Reality
49
Powerful Technology
50
Benchmarking
Detectable
Maybe Detectable
Not Detectable
Back Wall
51
Pulsed GPR
Pulsed GPR
< 60 cm penetration
Shadowed Out of Range Shadowed

behind metal behind metal
Out of Range
Detectable
Maybe Detectable
Not Detectable
Back Wall
52
Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave GPR
Proceq GPR Live (SFCW)
< 80 cm penetration
Shadowed Shadowed
Out of Range
Detectable
Maybe Detectable
Not Detectable
Back Wall
53
Ultrasound Pulse Echo (Pundit)
> 200 cm penetration

Pundit Live Array (Ultrasound)
Small Objects
Shadowed Shadowed
behind air behind air
Shadowed
Detectable behind air
Maybe Detectable
Not Detectable
Back Wall
Small Objects
Shadowed Shadowed
Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects) behind air behind air
54
Combined Results
< 80 cm penetration

Small Object Shadowed Small Object Shadowed
behind metal behind metal + air
Shadowed
Maybe Detectable
Not Detectable
Back Wall
Small Objects
Shadowed Shadowed
55
Pulsed GPR
Pulsed GPR
< 60 cm penetration
Shadowed Out of Range Shadowed

Out of Range
Detectable
Maybe Detectable
Not Detectable
Back Wall
56
Combined Results
< 80 cm penetration

Small Object Shadowed Small Object Shadowed
behind metal behind metal + air
Shadowed
Maybe Detectable
Not Detectable
Back Wall
Small Objects
Shadowed Shadowed
57
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) & Ultrasound Pulse Echo
GPR Ultrasonic Pulse Echo
Interface ε1 ε2 R Interface Z1 Z2 R
Reflection
Concrete - Metal 7 ∞ 100% Concrete - Metal 9.6 46.5 43%
Concrete - Air 7 1 45% Concrete - Air 9.6 .000429 99%
R = energy reflected R = energy reflected

√ 𝜀1 − √ 𝜀2 ( 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) 2
𝑅= ε1 = permittivity of concrete 𝑅= Z1 = acoustic impedance concrete
√ 𝜀 1+ √ 𝜀 2 (𝑧 ¿ ¿ 2+ 𝑧 1)2¿
ε2 = permittivity of 2nd material Z2 = acoustic impedance 2nd material
58
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) & Ultrasound Pulse Echo
GPR Ultrasonic Pulse Echo
• 100% reflection of metal objects • 99% reflection of air gaps
• cannot see objects behind metal • cannot see objects behind air gaps
• travels (55%) through air gaps • travels (57%) through metal objects
• 45% reflection of larger air gap • 43% reflection of larger metal objects
• can see objects behind an air gap • can see other objects behind metal objects
59
Example I
d = 20 mm
55 cm
40 cm
Back Wall
Rebar
Honeycombing
60
Example I
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Ultrasound Pulse Echo (Pundit)
61
Example II
25 cm
Width: 0.75 mm (!)
Back Wall
Delamination / Fine Crack (0.75mm)
62
Example II
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Ultrasound Pulse Echo (Pundit)
63
Rebars Objects Thickness Defects
Ungrouted PT Tendons
GPR Pundit
Depth: 0 to < 80 cm Depth: 0 to > 200 cm Steel Fiber Concrete
64
Rebars Objects Thickness Defects
Profometer GPR Pundit
1st and 2nd layer rebars Depth: 0 to < 80 cm Depth: 0 to > 200 cm Steel Fiber Concrete
Cover, Diameter & Corrosion
65
Rebar Cover, Diameter & Corrosion
Profometer
15 cm
Crack, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing, Voids (air)
66
Eddy Current / Half-Cell (Profometer)
A.I.
Profometer 650
Eddy Current Half-Cell

Rebar Cover, Diameter & Spacing Corrosion Potential
Line Scan – Cover Statistics – Mapping Hotspot Mapping
67
Basics – Eddy Current (Profometer)
Primary Magnetic Field
Receiving Coils
Electromagnetic Induction
Transmitting Coils
c = 40 mm
Secondary Magnetic Field
d = 20 mm
Rebar
Eddy Current
Transmitting coils in the probe are charged by current and thus generate a primary magnetic field. On the
surface of rebars within the magnetic field, eddy currents are induced, which produce a secondary magnetic field
in the opposite direction. The resulting change of voltage in the receiving coils can be utilized for measurement.
68
Basics – Half-Cell Potential (Profometer)
Measurement in area with corrosion
High impedance voltmeter V Electrode
-400 mV
-600 mV
Rebar Connection
Cathode Anode Cathode
The half-cell method is used to identify active corrosion of rebars based on the electro chemical properties
of reinforced concrete. The detection of the hot spots where active corrosion begins, involves the measuring
of the localized negative values of the half-cell potential (i.e. corrosion potential).
69
Vital Signs Locating, Mapping & Imaging
Strength & Uniformity Homogeneity Permeability Rebars Objects Thickness Defects
Steel Fiber Concrete

Schmidt Pundit Resipod Profometer GPR Pundit
Rebound Ultrasound Pulse Velocity Resistivity 1st and 2nd layer rebars Depth: 0 to < 80 cm Depth: 0 to > 200 cm
Cover, Dimeter & Corrosion
70
Rebars & Objects Rebar Cover, Diameter & Corrosion Defects & Objects
Locating, Mapping & Imaging Locating, Mapping & Imaging Locating, Mapping & Imaging
GPR Profometer Pundit
15 cm
80 cm
> 200 cm
Vital Signs
Pundit
Concrete: Strength & Uniformity

Back Wall Vital Signs
Schmidt
Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects) Concrete: Permeability

Vital Signs
Resipod
71
Concrete: Permeability
Vital Signs
Resipod
Rebars Cover, Diameter & Corrosion

Profometer
Vital Signs
Pundit
Defects & Objects

Rebars & Objects Locating, Mapping & Imaging
Locating, Mapping & Imaging Pundit Concrete: Strength & Uniformity
GPR Vital Signs
Schmidt
Cracks
Inspect
72
BETA
73
Software & Mobile & Cloud vs. Traditional Analoge NDT
Exponential Capabilities
Artificial Intelligence
Computational Speed
Live Collaboration
Augmented Reality
3D
Time
74
We have you covered!
75
WHO are our Customers?
76
Selected Customers
Engineering & Construction
China Communications Construction Group (China) AECOM (USA)
Revenue: $70 billion Revenue: $18 billion
VINCI (France) Skanska (Sweden)

Revenue: €49 billion Revenue: $18 billion
Power Construction Corp. of China (China) Obayashi (Japan)

Bouygues (France) Strabag (Austria)

Revenue: €37 billion Revenue: €15 billion
ACS Actividades de Construcción y Servicios (Spain) Hyundai Engineering & Construction (South Korea)
China State Construction Engineering Corp. (China) Jacobs Engineering Group (USA)
Bechtel Group (USA) TechnipFMC (United Kingdom)

Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft (Germany) Turner Construction (USA)

Fluor Corporation (USA) Kiewit Corporation (USA)

Larsen & Toubro (India) WSP Global (Canada)

- for internal use only - 77
Customer Testimonial
“…there is no single technology that would

address it all. The multi-technology approach
is not an option, it is an absolute must.”
Warren Thomas (Director at HTA)
HTA is a leading Structural Investigation Group operating in England, Scotland and Ireland
78
www.ScreeningEagle.com
Headquarters Switzerland / EMEA: +41 43 355 38 00 (Switzerland)

Regional Headquarters Asia / Pacific: +65 6382 3966 (Singapore)
Regional Headquarters Americas: +1 724 512 0330 (USA)
79
Protect the Built World
80

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Infrastructure & Asset Inspection – Concrete

St. Petersburg, Russia

Pittsburgh, USA Malaga, Spain

Sao Paolo, Brazil

Leading NDT sensors Software & Robotics

ADVANCED SENSORS INTELLIGENT SOFTWARE PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Inspection • Data Visualization • Digital Twins

Massive Value At Risk

Global Concrete Production (Billion tons per year) 30

Concrete = Muscle and Skin of the Structure

Steel Rebar = Skeleton of Reinforced Concrete

Post-tensioning = Tendons that keep the Structure in shape

Electrical Cables, Pipes etc. = Neural Network of a Structure

Compressive strength classes are denoted 5% 95%

The curve peak coincides with the average of

Shear Cracks Flexural Cracks

Flexural Reinforcement Minimal Reinforcement

Shear Reinforcement Flexural Reinforcement

In the early 20th century engineers thought that reinforced

In reality, the lifespan is more like 50 years or less.

Cracks can be:

II. Delamination: separation of the surface from the concrete below

H2O Cl- O2 CO2 CO2 CO2

Carbonation Depth (mm)

40% > Humidity > 95%

Typical Rebar Cover (mm)

Voids: cavities on the inside or the surface due to poor workmanship

Wear / Erosion: mechanical abrasion of the surface of the concrete

rebars in the right location

post-tensioning in the correct location

Rebar (small objects)

Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects)

Crack, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing (air)

Locating, Mapping & Imaging

Locating, Mapping & Imaging

Rebar (small objects)

Post-tensioning, Cables, Pipes (larger objects)

Cracks, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing (air)

Concrete: Strength & Uniformity

Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects) Concrete: Permeability

Measure Convert to Strength Result

Good Quality Concrete

Poor Quality Concrete

40 kHz Dry-Point 40 kHz

Pundit 200 Ultrasound Probes

Resistivity is directly linked to both the likelihood of corrosion due to chloride

Schmidt Pundit Resipod

Rebound Ultrasound Pulse Velocity Resistivity

Rebar (small objects)

Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects)

Cracks, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing (air)

Rebar (small objects)

Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects)

Cracks, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing (air)

small Detectable Objects large

6.0 GHz 0.2 GHz

small Detectable Objects large

Rebar (small objects)

Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects)

Cracks, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing (air)

Shadowed Out of Range Shadowed

Rebar (small objects)

Post-tensioning, Cables Ducts (larger objects)

Cracks, Delamination, Voids, Honeycombing (air)