ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Chapter One

Mr:AbdulRahman Ali Haji

 TEXTBOOKS
 Required:

 S. Russell and P. Norvig,

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Prentice Hall, 2011, 4th Edition

 Recommended:
 E. Rich & K. Knight, Artificial Intelligence, International Edition
1991.

 D.W Patterson, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Expert

Systems, Prentice Hall 1990.

 Thomas Dean, J. Allen and Y. Aloimonos, Artificial Intelligence -

Theory and Practice, Benjamin/ Cumming 1995.
 other Issues
 Prerequisites
 Programming skills (C++, JAVA, Matlab)
 Elementary logic … , , 
 Elementary statistics, probability theory
Chapter Overview
 Course overview
 What is AI?
 A brief history
 The state of the art
 Course Overview

 Introduction: Rational agent

 Search-based Agents:
 Blind Search, Informed Search, Constraint satisfaction,
 Stochastic Search, Games.

 Logical agent
 Reasoning, Propositional, Predicate Calculus, Planning.

 Decision Theoretic Agent

 which combines probability theory with utility theory, provides
a for-mal and complete framework for decisions
 Game theory.
 Probabilistic reasoning

 Neural Networks
 Course overview

 Introduction and Agents (chapters 1,2)

 Search (chapters 3,4,5)

 Logic (chapters 7,8,9)

 Neural Networks (chapter 22,23)

 What is AI?
“AI is the study of ideas that enable
computers to be intelligent.” [P. Winston]
So, what is intelligence?
• Fast thinking?
• Knowing a lot?
• Being able to pass as a smart human?
• Being able to learn
 Being able to reason
• Being able to perceive and act upon one’s environment?
• Passing an AI class?
 Define Intelligence

1. “The capacity to acquire and apply

knowledge” or
2. “The faculty of thought and reason” or

3. “The ability to comprehend and profit

from experience.”
In a sum-up:-
 “The ability to apply knowledge in order to
perform better in an environment
 Define Artificial Intelligence

 Textbook:
 The study and construction of agent
programs that perform well in a given
environment, for a given agent
architecture
The Human Nervous System (the Brain)
The Human Nervous System (the Brain)

Neuron: Part of the nerve cell

Each neuron: cell body
Cell body: Fibres called dendrites and single long fibre called
the axon
One Neuron connect: with 10 to 100,000 other neuron as junction
called synapses
The Human Nervous System (the Brain)
 The human nervous system consists of
small cellular units, called neurons.

 These neurons when connected in

tandem form nerve fiber.

 A biological neural net is a distributed

collection of these nerve fibers
The Human Nervous System (the Brain)
 A neuron has four main structural components:
1. The dendrites

2. The cell body

3. The axon
4. And the synapse.

1. The dendrites act as receptors, thereby receivin

signals from several neighborhood neurons and
passing these on to a little thick fiber, called
dendron.
The Human Nervous System (the Brain)
 In other words, dendrites are the free
terminals of dendrons.

2. The received signals collected at

different dendrons are processed within
the cell body and the resulting signal is
transferred through a long fiber named
axon.
The Human Nervous System (the Brain)

3. At the other end of the axon, there

exists an inhibiting unit called synapse.

4. This unit controls the flow of neuronal

current from the originating neuron to
receiving dendrites of neighborhood
neurons.
Computers VS human Computational
resources

Computer Human

Computational units 1 CPU, 108 Gates 1011 Neurons

Memory Units 1010 bits RAM, 1011 Neurons

Storage Units 1011 bits disk 1014 Synapses

Cycle Time 10-9 sec 10-3 sec

Bandwidth 1010 bits/sec 1014 bits/sec

Memory Updates 109 1014

AI Industry
 Views of AI?

Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally

The textbook advocates "acting

rationally"



 Acting rationally
 Definition:

 A system capable of planning and

executing the right task at the right
time is generally called rational
Acting humanly: Turing Test
 Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
 "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave
intelligently?"
 Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation
Game

 Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30%

chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
 Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50
years
 Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning,
language understanding, learning


Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-
processing psychology
 Requires scientific theories of internal
activities of the brain
 -- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human
subjects
or 2) Direct identification from neurological
data
 Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive
Science and Cognitive Neuroscience)
 are now distinct from AI

Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
 Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
 Several Greek schools developed various forms
of logic: notation and rules of derivation for
thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to
the idea of mechanization
 Direct line through mathematics and philosophy
to modern AI
 Problems:
1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical
deliberation
2. What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts
should I have?
3.

Acting rationally: rational agent
 Rational behavior: doing the right thing

 The right thing: that which is expected to

maximize goal achievement, given the
available information

 Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g.,

blinking reflex – but thinking should be in
the service of rational action
Rational agents
 An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

 This course is about designing rational agents

 Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to

actions:
[f: P*  A]
 For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek
the agent (or class of agents) with the best performance

 Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality

unachievable
 design best program for given machine resources


 AI prehistory
 Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
 Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,

 (in)tractability computation, (un)decidability,probability

 Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity

 Psychology phenomena of perception and motor

control, experimental techniques
 Computer building fast computers
engineering

 Control theory design systems that maximize an

objective function over time

 Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar

AI History
 Abridged history of AI
 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence"
adopted
 1952—69 Look, no hands!
 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical
reasoning
 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
 1980-- AI becomes an industry
 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
 1987-- AI becomes a science
 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
 State of the art
 Which of the following can be done at
present?

Drive safely along a curving mountain

1.
road
ANSWER = YES
State of the art
 Which of the following can be
done at present?

 Buy a week's worth of groceries on

the web

ANSWER = YES
State of the art
 Which of the following can be
done at present?

 Drive safely along from Kismayo to

Mogadisho

 ANSWER = NO
State of the art
 Which of the following can be
done at present?

 Design and execute a research

program in molecular biology

ANSWER = PROCESS UNDERWAY

State of the art
 Which of the following can be
done at present?

 Give competent IT support in an

enterprises systems

ANSWER = YES
State of the art
 Which of the following can be done
at present?

 Translate spoken English into spoken

Arabic in real time

ANSWER = YES
State of the art
 Which of the following can be
done at present?

 Converse successfully with another

person for an hour

ANSWER = NO
State of the art
 Which of the following can be
done at present?

 Unload any dishwasher and put

everything away

ANSWER = YES
END

CHAPTER 2