PARAPHRAS

ING
 Objectives
 Identify the features of paraphrasing;
 Differentiate summarizing and
paraphrasing
 Paraphrase various texts; and
 Evaluate paraphrasing
Let’s Warm Up…
WHAT IS
PARAPHRASING?
 Paraphrasing is a way of presenting
information, keeping the same
meaning, but using different words
and phrasing.

Paraphrasing is used with short

sections of text, such as phrases and
sentences.
Example

Original sentence:

Her life spanned years of incredible change for

women.
 
Paraphrased sentence:

Mary lived through an era of liberating reform for

women.
Example

Original sentence:

Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay, and they can

consume 75 pounds of food a day.

Paraphrased sentence:

A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves

and hay every day.
WHAT IS DIRECT QUOTATION?
 Is an exact reproduction of spoken or written
words.
 A direct quotation is placed inside the
quotation marks.
 Exactly reproduce text, including
punctuation and capital letters.
For example:
Dr. King said, "I have a dream."
Example:
Critical debates about the value of popular culture often raise
the spectres of Americanization and cultural imperialism,
particular issues for a 'provincial' culture. However, as Bell and
Bell (1993) point out in their study of Australian-American
cultural relations: "culture is never simply imposed 'from above'
but is negotiated through existing patterns and traditions." (Bell
& Bell 1993, p. 9)
 COMPARING SUMMARIZING,
PARAPHRASING, AND DIRECT
QUOTING
SUMMARIZI PARAPHRASI DIRECT
NG NG QUOTING
• Does not match • Does not match • Matches the
the source word the source word source word for
for word for word word
• Involves putting • Involves putting • Is usually a
the main idea(s) a passage from a short part of the
into your own source into your text
words, but own words
including only
the main
point(s)
• Present a • Changes the • Cited part
broad words or appears
overview, so is phrasing of a
between
usually much passage, but
shorter than retains and quotation
the original fully marks
text communicates
the original
meaning

• Must be • Must be • Must be

attributed to attributed to attributed to
the original the original the original
source source source
 Example of Summarizing,
Paraphrasing, and Direct Quoting
ORIGINAL PASSAGE
What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the
quotation of a sentence or two, without quotation
marks and without a citation (e.g., footnote) to the
true author. In the most serious cases, a
Significant fraction of the entire work was written
by someone else but the plagiarist removed the
author(s), name(s) and substituted his/her name,
perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then
submitted the work for credit in a class (e.g., term
paper or essay), as part of the requirements for a
degree (e.g., thesis
or dissertation) or as part of a published article or
book.

REFERENCE:
Standler, R. B. (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in
USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism, academic
policy. Retrieved from
http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf, p.5.
SUMMARY
Plagiarism can be defined as using ideas, data, or any
relevant information of another without giving proper
credit or acknowledgement (Standler, 2012).
PARAPHRASE
According to Standler (2012), plagiarism can occur
in small cases, which happens when small parts of
a passage are used without enclosing them in
quotation marks and citing the author. It can also
occur in more grave situations. In these instances,
big chunks of the original text are used. There are
changes in the format, but the original author is not
attributed to and the work is claimed as the
plagiarist’s own and submitted to comply with
academic requirements or as a part of a material
for publication.
DIRECT QUOTATION
Standler (2012) states that plagiarism can be “the
quotation of a sentence or two, without quotation
marks and without a citation (e.g., footnote) to the
true author” (p. 5).
 When to Use Paraphrasing,
Summarizing, and Direct Quoting
Paraphrasing Summarizing Direct Quoting

1. Paraphrase a 1. Summarize a 1. Quote a text that

short text with text that has long conveys powerful
message or will show
one or two sections (e.g., a less impact if it is
sentences or a page or chapter of paraphrased or
paragraph with a a book itself; a summarized (e.g.,
maximum of five paragraph of an Constitution,
government
sentences. essay or the essay
documents,
itself). philosophies,
monographs, or other
scholarly materials).
2. Paraphrase 2. Summarize 2.Quote directly
when you want to when you want to, when you want to
a.Avoid or …. a.Begin your
minimize direct a.Avoid or discussion with
quotation; or minimize direct the author’s stand;
b.Rewrite the quotation; or use or
author’s words by the main idea of b.Highlight the
not changing the the text and write author’s expertise
message or use it in your own in your claim,
your own words to words. argument, or
state the author’s discussion.
ideas.
GUIDELINES IN
PARAPHRASING
1. Read the text and understand its meaning. Do not stop
reading until you understand the message conveyed by the
author.
2. Use a pen to underline or highlight the key words or main
idea of the text.
3. Recall the key words or main idea of the text that you
highlighted when you read it.
4. Write in your own words what you understood about the
ideas in the text.
5. Get the original text and compare it with your paraphrase.
6. Check the meaning. Remember, your paraphrase should
have the same meaning as the original text.
7. Check the sentence structure. The sentence
structure of your paraphrase should be different
from the original text.
8. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick
to the ideas presented in the text.
9. Compare your output to the original text to ensure
its accuracy and remove redundant ideas.
10. Records the details of the original source (author’s
name/s, date of publication, title, publisher, place of
publishing and URL [if on-line].
11. Format your paraphrase properly. when you
combine your paraphrases in your paragraph, use
different formats to show variety in writing just like
in summarizing.
 GUIDELINES IN DIRECT
QUOTING
Reminder: Direct quotation should not be used to
replace paraphrasing or summarizing.

1. Copy exactly the part of the text that you want to

use.
2. Use quotation marks to show the beginning and
ending of the quote.
3. Record the details of the original source (author’s
name/s, date of publication, title, publisher, place
of publishing, URL [if on-line] and page
number/s). Indicating the page number/s is
necessary in citing sources in quoting.
4. Format your quotation properly. if your direct
quotation is at least 40 words, it should be indented.
Look at the example below.
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets,
and Access,” Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of causes of
poverty.

(1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40

years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty reduction; (3)
weakness in employment generation and the quality of
jobs generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture
sector; (5) high inflation during crisis periods; (6) high
levels of population growth; (7) high and persistent levels
of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the
positive impacts of economic expansion; and, (8)
recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic
crisis, conflict , natural disasters, and environmental
poverty (p. 2).
 USING REPORTING VERBS
WHEN PARAPHRASING AND
DIRECT QUOTING
 Reporting verbs are also used in paraphrasing and
direct quoting to integrate your sources in the text.
 Follow the same guidelines as with summarizing
when incorporating reporting verbs in your
paraphrase and direct quoting.