OVERVIEW OF POWER

PLANT

08-08-2008
 POWER PLANT
 POWER PLANT CONVERTS ONE FORM OF ENERGY
INTO ELECTRICAL FORM

 THE SOURCES CAN BE

 CHEMICAL
 NUCLEAR
 HYDRO
 HEAT
 WIND
 BIO MASS

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 WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
 POWER GENERATION & SUPPLY SENERIO IN INDIA

 TYPES OF POWER PLANTS

 POWER PLANT PROJECT EXECUTION

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POWER GENERATION &
SUPPLY SENERIO

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 ENERGY SENERIO

FACTS

&

FIGURES

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 ENERGY
• PRIME MOVER OF ECONOMIC GROWTH

• THIS GROWTH DEPENDS ON LONG TERM

AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY

• THE SOURCE OF THIS ENERGY SHOULD

BE AFFORDABLE, ACCESSIBLE AND
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY

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 ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA
• INDIA RANKS SIXTH IN THE WORLD IN TOTAL
ENERGY CONSUMPTION

• PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS AMONGST THE

LOWEST IN WORLD WHICH IS ABOUT 659 kWh (IN
2006/07)

• TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY IN INDIA IS 144000 MW

(AS ON 30 June, 2008. SOURCE: CEA)

• ANNUAL GROSS GENERATION ALL INDIA BASIS IS

659420 GWH (AS ON 30 June, 2007. SOURCE: TEDDY 2006/07)

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 History of Power Sector in India
 An Evolution
Generation:
 Installed Capacity - 1500 MW (1947)
- Over 1,44,000 MW (as on date)
 Generation and distribution by private sector utilities
(1947)
 Concurrent subject (Central and State)
 Electricity Supply Act of 1948

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 History of Power Sector in India – Contd.

 Creation of SEBs
 Establishment of Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
 Creation of Central PSUs viz. NTPC, NHPC, NEEPCO,
NPCIL – 1975
 Government permits private players to enter into power
generation business – 1991. (15% generation by IPPs as
on 2008)
 Captive Power Plants (15,000 MW CPP grid connected)

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 History of Power Sector in India – Contd.
 Transmission
 Formation of State-level grids
 Creation of Regional grids
• Northern
• Western
• Southern
• Eastern
• North-eastern

 National Power Transmission Corporation (NPTC)

incorporated in 1989. Later renamed as Power Grid
Corporation of India.

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 History of Power Sector in India – Contd.

 Transmission recognized as separate activity

(Electricity Law (Amendment) Act 1998)

 Private sector entry

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 History of Power Sector in India – Contd.

 Distribution
 Public sector domination
 Mumbai (Tata Power and Reliance Power)
Kolkata (CESC), Ahmedabad and Surat (Torrent Power)
 Formation of distribution companies.

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 State of the Power sector

 Key infrastructure backbone of economy

 Needs to grow at the same rate as GDP growth

 Per-capita consumption of electricity

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 WORLD PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
25145
26000

24000

22000
PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION kWh

20000
17307
18000

16000
13640
14000 12412
11439
12000

10000 8358 8233

7707
7111 6813
8000 6659 6254 6206
5786 5676

6000
3626
3301
4000 2013
1802

2000 659 563

United Kingdom

Kazakhstan
Saudi Arabia
Germany

Denmark
Australia

Malaysia
UAE

Singapore
Norway

Canada

Brazil
France

Russia

Africa
USA

China
Japan

UK

Italy

India
COUNTRIES

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TREND PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR ALL INDIA

1000
1000
900

659
800

623
592

594
567
700
600

355

366
kWh

361
500

360
348
400
300
200
100
0

PROJECTED
1998/99

1999/00

2004/05
1997/98

2000/01
2001/02

2002/03
2003/04

2005/06
2006/07
2012
YEAR

FIGURES INDICATED ALL INDIA BASIS

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 ANNUAL GROSS GENERATION
700.00

600.00

500.00
x 10 kW h

400.00
9

Hydel
300.00
Thermal

200.00 Nuclear
Total
100.00

0.00
1995/96

1996/97

1997/98

1998/99

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07
YEAR
Source: TEDDY 2006/07

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DISTRIBUTION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY IN INDIA

TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY AS ON JUNE 2008 144,000 MW TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY THERMAL AS ON JUNE 2008 IS 86417 MW
10,252, 8%
1,202, 1%
3,900, 3% 34,632, 26% 13,692, 16%

Hydro
Thermal Coal

Source: CEA
Nuclear Gas

Renew able Diesel

86,417, 63% 71,523, 83%

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DISTRIBUTION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY SECTORWISE

15%

STATE

Source: CEA
CENTRAL
PRIVATE
52%
33%

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COAL CONSUMPTION INDUSTRYWISE IN INDIA

Cement Paper
3.83% 0.58%
Brick
1.13%

Source: TEDDY 2005/06

Other Industry
16.99%

Colliery Consumption
Power 0.30%
72.95%

Steel & Washery

4.21%

FIGURES INDICATED ALL INDIA BASIS

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 ENERGY SCENARIO

• PRESENT ENERGY DEMAND

• PRESENT ENERGY SUPPLY

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 ENERGY SHORT FALL

624
579
691
632
548

609

554
591
559
546
498

519
700

600

500
1X 10 kWh

400
9

DEMAND
300
AVAILABLE
200 SHORTFALL

66
53

55
48

43
40

100

0
2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2006/07

2007/08
2005/06

YEAR

Source: MOP Annual report 2006-07

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 PEAK POWER SHORT FALL

90.12
100

84.57

87.91

80.63
81.49

77.65
75.01
90

71.55
80
70
X 10 kWh

60
50
9

40
30

10.25

9.49
9.95

9.57
20 DEMAND
10
0 AVAILABLE
2002/03

2003/04

2005/06
2004/05

Dec'05
UPTO
SHORTFALL
YEAR

Source: MOP Annual report 2006-07

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 FUTURE PEAK DEMAND
250

Source: 16TH ELECTRIC POWER SURVEY

212.725 PLAN:
200
9TH – 2001-02
10TH – 2006-07
157.107
150
11TH – 2011-12
x 10 3 MW

115.705 12TH – 2016-17

100
85.132

50

0
NINTH TENTH ELEVENTH TWELTH

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 FUTURE ENERGY REQUIREMENT
1400
1318.644

Source: 16TH ELECTRIC POWER SURVEY

1200 PLAN:
9TH – 2001-02
1000 975.222
10TH – 2006-07
11TH – 2011-12
x 10 3 MU

800
719.097
12TH – 2016-17
600
529.013

400

200

0
NINTH TENTH ELEVENTH TWELTH

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 POWER SECTOR PLANNED TARGETS
250

205

Source: MOP
200

162
146
126

132
X 10 MW

150

105
3

CAPACITY
100 ADDITION
PLANNED
50
CAPACITY
INSTALLED
0
MARCH

2006-07
TENTH

ELEVENTH
NINTH

PLAN
UPTO

UPTO
PLAN

2002

2011-12
UPTO
PLAN
PLAN

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 BUDGETED INVESTMENT FOR PLANNED ADDITION IN CAPACITY

6000

5000

Source: MOP
5000

4000
Budget in Rs. Billion

4000

3000

INVESTMENT
2000 REQUIRED
1350 FOR
PLANNED
1000 TARGETS

INVESTED
0 FOR
UPTO MARCH

PLAN UPTO
ELEVENTH
CAPACITY
NINTH PLAN

UPTO 2006-07
TENTH PLAN

2011-12
INSTALLED
2002

PLAN

08-08-2008
 ISSUES AND CONCERNS

Issues and Concerns :

- Power shortages continue to be high
- Old plants continue to have lower PLFs
- R & M needs greater push
- Failure to achieve plan targets
- Plant equipment shortages
- Fuel shortages
- Delays in securing clearances, land acquisition and R & R issues
- Shortage of manpower
- Fiscal performance of SEBs continue to be poor.

08-08-2008
 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Key Government initiatives :

- Ultra mega power projects

- Hydro Electric initiatives

- Renovation and Modernization

- Accelerated generation and supply programme

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 Hydro Generation
Hydro Potential at River Basins
River Basin No. of Schemes Potential at 60% % Share in Total
Load Factor (MW) Potential

Indus 190 19,988 23.8

Brahmaputra 226 34,920 41.5
Ganga 142 10,715 12.8
Central Indian river 53 2,740 3.3
West-flowing rivers of 94 6,149 7.3
southern India
East-flowing rivers of 140 9,532 11.3
southern India
Total 845 84,044 100.0

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 Captive Power

• Need
 Severe Power Shortages
 Poor quality and reliability
 High tariff

• Current installed CPP capacity 15,000 MW as on 2007

08-08-2008
 Captive Power – Contd.
 By Fuel :
Fuel Installed Capacity % Share
Steam* 14,806.67 50.35
Diesel** 8,036.34 27.33
Gas and Naphtha 4,158.20 14.14
Wind and Hydro 668.58 2.27
Biomass 310.80 1.06
Unclassified 1,426.00 4.85
Total 29,406.59 100.00
* Includes coal, lignite, bagasse, cogeneration and other fuels for steam
generation; **Includes LSHS, HFO, FO, HSD
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 Captive Power – Contd.
 By Industry :

Engineering industry : 21%

Metal and Chemical industry : 14%
Textile : 11%
Cement : 12%
Sugar : 6%

 By Size

< 25 MW : 36%
> 100 MW : 36%

08-08-2008
 Captive Power – Contd.
 Issues and Concerns :

- Lack of encouragement from states

- Inadequate transmission capacity
- Legal issues
- Issues in securing fuel linkages
- Issues related to group CPPs

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 Renewable Energy
Potential & Achievements
No. Sources/Systems Estimated Cumulative Achievements
Potential as on November 30, 2007
I. Power from Renewables
A. Grid-interactive renewable power
1. Bio power (agro residues and 16,881 MW 560.30 MW
plantations)
2. Wind power 45,195 MW 7,660.20 MW
3. Small hydro power (up to 25 MW) 15,000 MW 2,023.00 MW
4. Cogeneration (bagasse) 5,000 MW 692.33 MW
5. Urban waste-to-energy 2,700 MW 58.00 MW
6. Solar power - 2.92 MW
Sub Total 84,776 MW 10,996.75 MW

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 Renewable Energy – Contd.
No. Sources/Systems Estimated Cumulative Achievements
Potential as on November 30, 2007
B. Captive/Distributed Renewable
Power
7. Biomass/cogeneration (non- - 68.00 MWe
bagasse)
8. Biomass gasifiers - 86.53 MWe
9. Energy recovery from waste - 20.21 MWe
Sub Total 174.74 MW
Total (A+B) 11,171.49 MW

II Remote Village Electrification 4,198 villages/hamlets

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 Renewable Energy – Contd.

 Government Policy :

- Special incentives

- Tax holiday

- Foreign investment

- State Govt. incentives

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 Policy & Regulations

 Indian Electricity Act 1910

 The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948

 The Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998

 State Governments Acts

 The Energy Conservation Act, 2001

 The Water (Prevention & Control of pollution) Act,

1974/1978/1988

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 Policy & Regulations – Contd.

 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 /

1987

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 Major Players in Power Generation

 NTPC Ltd
 National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
 North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd
 Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd
 Damodar Valley Corporation
 Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd
 Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd
 PTC India Ltd
 TATA Power Company
 Reliance Energy Ltd
 CESC Ltd

08-08-2008
 Major Players in Power Generation – Contd.

 GVK Power & Infrastructure Ltd

 GMR Energy Ltd
 Jai Prakash Associates Ltd
 LANCO Infratech Ltd
 Torrent Power
 CLP India Private Ltd

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TYPES OF POWER PLANT

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 TYPES OF FUELS
• SOLID FUEL
– COAL, LIGNITE, BIOMASS
• LIQUID FUEL
– OIL
• GASEOUS FUEL
– NATURAL GAS

THESE FUELS CAN ALSO BE USED IN A

COMBINATION.
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STEAM POWER PLANT CYCLE

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CONVENTIONAL STEAM POWER PLANT

• REHEAT CYCLE AND

• REGENERATION CYCLE

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STEAM POWER PLANTS

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ENERGY BALANCE FOR STEAM POWER PLANT

CONDENSER
LOSS 44%

WORK OUTPUT 36%

STACK LOSS 11%

AUX POWER 8%
CYCLE LOSS 1%

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 STANDARD UTILITY CONFIGURATION

• CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANT

• FOR UTILITIES
– 120/125 MW
– 250/300 MW
– 500/600 MW
– 800/1000 MW
• FOR CAPTIVE & COGEN
– TO SUIT INDUSTRY REQUIREMENT

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COAL BASED POWER PLANT

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COAL FIRED POWER PLANT

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LAYOUT FOR COAL BASED POWER PLANT

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 GAS TURBINE BASED POWER PLANT

• SIMPLE CYCLE

• COMBINED CYCLE

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GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS CYCLE

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COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS

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GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS

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ENERGY BALANCE FOR GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS

CONDENSER
LOSS 37%

WORK OUTPUT 52%

(GT-34% & ST-18%)

STACK LOSS 8%

AUX POWER 2%
CYCLE LOSS 1%

08-08-2008
 STANDARD UTILITY CONFIGURATION

• GAS BASED/DUAL FUEL POWER PLANT

– BASED ON GT’s STANDARD RATINGS AND
MATCHING STEAM TURBINES
– CCPP CONFIG COULD EITHER BE
• 1 GT + 1 HRSG + 1 STG
• 2 GTs + 2 HRSGs + 1 STG
• 3 GTs + 3 HRSGs + 1 STG

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LAYOUT FOR GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

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LAYOUT FOR GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

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HYDRO POWER PLANTS

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 HYDRO POWER PLANTS

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 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

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LAYOUT FOR COAL BASED PP

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POWER PLANT PROJECT
EXECUTION

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CRITERIA FOR SETTING UP POWER PLANTS

• SITE
• FUEL
• WATER
• EVACUATION OF POWER
• ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
• ASH DISPOSAL AREA

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 PROJECT EXECUTION
• CONCEPT TO COMMISSIONING
• FEASIBILITY REPORT & DETAILED PROJECT
REPORT
• CLIENT
– SITE SELECTION
– CLEARANCES/APPROVALS
– PROJECT FINANCING
• ENGINEERING
– FRONT END ENGINEERING
– DETAILED ENGINEERING

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 PROJECT EXECUTION (CONT..)
• BASIC CONCEPTS / STUDIES
• LAYOUT
• PROCUREMENT
– SPECIFICATION
– BID ANALYSIS
– CONTRACT AWARD
• DESIGN, ENGINEERING & DRAWING
• VENDOR DRAWING REVIEW
• SHOP INSPECTION/SHOP TEST
08-08-2008
 PROJECT EXECUTION (CONT..)
• PROJECT CONTROL & MONITORING
• PROJECT CO-ORDINATION
• SITE SERVICES
– CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION
– COMMISSIONING SUPERVISION
– PREPARATION OF AS BUILT DRAWINGS
• WITNESSING OF PG TEST

08-08-2008
TYPICAL DATA FOR 1000 MW THERMAL POWER PLANTS

TYPICAL COAL BASED GAS BASED

PARAMETERS POWER PLANT POWER PLANT
AREA 800 ACRES 100 ACRES
FUEL 600 TPH 5 MSCM/day
14400 T/day 3500T/day
(INDIAN COAL) (NATURAL GAS)
WATER 100000m3/day 40000 m3/day
With cooling tower With cooling tower
PERIOD ~ 40 MONTHS ~ 33 MONTHS
PROJECT COST ~ 4000 CRORES ~ 3000 CRORES
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DETAILED PROJECT COST (CONT..)
TYPICAL COAL BASED GAS BASED
PARAMETERS POWER PLANT POWER PLANT

SITE & SITE

DEVELOPMENT 2% 1.8%

EQUIPMENT COST
(MECH + ELEC) 65% 74.5%

CIVIL WORKS 12% 4.5%

ERECTION 4.5% 3.4%

08-08-2008
 DETAILED PROJECT COST
COST HEAD COAL BASED GAS BASED
POWER PLANT POWER PLANT
PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT
COST
CONSULTING FEES 5% 4.8%
FINANCING
EXPENCES
LEGAL EXPENCES
CONTINGENCIES 3% 3%
INTEREST DURING
8.5% 8%
CONSTRUCTION
08-08-2008
 GENERATION COST
COST HEAD COAL BASED GAS BASED
POWER PLANT POWER PLANT
FIXED COST
• INTERST ON LOAN
• O&M CHARGES
• DEPRECIATION Rs 1.2/kWh ~Rs 0.9/kWh
• PROFIT
• TAXES
VARIABLE COST
• FUEL COST Rs ~1.35/kWh Rs ~1.4/kWh AT
AT US$ 4.5/MBtu Rs.1200/T~ US$
1.6/MBtu
TOTAL COST Rs. ~2.55/kWh Rs. ~2.3/kWh
08-08-2008
VIEW OF POWER PLANTS

08-08-2008
 THANK YOU

08-08-2008