DIPLOMA IN ENGLISH

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE -

REVISED
Presented by: Faria Noor
SAP: 6846
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Contents

 English Writing Skills

 Fundamentals Of English Grammar
 Speaking And Writing English Effectively
 English Literature Analysis
 Shakespeare - His Life And Work
 SECTION 1: ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS
 English writing
 Science Fiction
 Spy Stories
 What is Writing?
 Mystery Stories
 Writing Styles
 Triggers for Writing 

 Instructional Writing
 Story Writing: Combining Styles
 Opinionative Writing
 Comedy Writing & its forms
 Anecdotes  Poetry Writing
 Parody
 What is Poetry? 
 Limericks
 Slapstick
 Different Types of Poetry
 How to Write Poetry

 Descriptive Writing  Reflective Writing

 When describing the sound of a place, person or thing, there are tools that can be used to
provide the appropriate detail. One of the most common is onomatopoeia.

 When you are trying to communicate a sense of a particular object or think it is important that you
think carefully about your choice of words.

 To write spy stories writers need to: imagine they are spies, create ruthless enemies and make
careful observations of people and their motives.

 Writing an opinion about a topic is a way of informing readers about a point of view that may be
different from their own. Writing an opinionative piece does not mean that the writer can say
anything they want.

 Opinionative writing requires the writer to make their point succinctly and with evidence to back
up their views.

 Poetry is different from other forms of writing in that it employs rhythm, a pattern and it uses the
"line" as a form of order. It also uses deliberate vocabulary to evoke a response or capture an
idea or feeling.

 Poetry is a form of writing that creates an awareness of an experience, idea, thought or emotion
through language arranged and chosen for its meaning, sound, and rhythm.
 Reading the work of poets and writing your own poems will help us to understand how poems
work and what it really means to be a poet.

 There are many different styles of writing and many different ways to write. Sometimes people
write for themselves, a very private audience, and at other times the audience is the whole
world.

 There are many different forms of writing and reasons for writing. Everyone has a different
trigger.

 Different situations and audiences call for different styles of writing.

 Comedy can entertain, educate and enlighten us depending on the style or format used
and the message intended by the writer.

 Anecdotes are very short amusing stories that are usually true.

 Limericks are humorous poems that are five lines long.

 A pun is the humorous use of a word to suggest two or more meanings or the meaning of
another word similar in sound.

 Slapstick is visual humor that relies on boisterous antics to grab laughs.

 SECTION 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
 Introduction to English
Grammar
 The Rules of English
 Communicating Clearly
 Shaping Communication
 Communicating with Words
 Archaic Words
 Punctuation
 How Does Punctuation Work?
 Using Apostrophes, commas, semi-
colons etc.
 Parts of Speech & Tenses
 Tenses and Structure
 Comparing Tenses
 Present Simple vs Present Continuous
 Present Continuous vs Present Perfect
Continuous
 Present Perfect vs Past Simple
 Action Verbs vs State Verbs
 Future Simple vs ‘Going to' Future
 'Going to' Future vs Present Continuous
(Future)
 Future Continuous vs Future Perfect vs
Future Perfect Continuous
 Sentence Structure
 Word Order - Sentence Structure
 Word Order - Position of Adverbs
 SECTION 3: SPEAKING AND WRITING
ENGLISH EFFECTIVELY
 Reading, Writing and  Analyzing Language and
Communication Literary Devices
 Reading and the study of texts.
 The craft of writing.  Tone
 What is my purpose?
 Who is my audience?  Loaded language
 WHO am I writing for?  Rhetorical Questions
 Effective oral communication  Repetition
 Hyperbole and Exaggeration
 An Approach To Studying A Text  Metaphor
 Reading and Study of Texts (Novels,  Analogy
Plays, Non-print)  Alliteration
 Organize Your Notes 
 Assonance
 Other Proven Strategies
 Analyzing Written Media Arguments
 Analyzing Language
 Reading, writing and speaking are interrelated. For example, you cannot talk about writing
without talking about the way readers read and construct meaning.

 Effective communication involves more than just getting your ideas down on paper.
Effectiveness has to do with communicating with your intended readers.

 The primary aim of writing is to inform, or to entertain, or to reflect upon, or to instruct, or to

argue a case, or to share with your reader. 

 The key to successful persuasive writing is to have a strong opinion and to care about the
issue. Some writers often use humor, satire, even irony and yet they are very successful at
persuading the reader.

 Control of expression, spelling and punctuation is very important in crafting a story.

 Language analysis requires us to discuss how language is used, not just what the texts are
saying. This means us must discuss how the language is used to present the point of view or to
construct the argument.

 Analyzing language means to critically assess the language used by people to present their
views. This language can be verbal, that is spoken in words. It can be written, or visual
communication.
 The tone can be described as the 'voice' of the piece, the feeling behind the writing or speaking.

 Loaded language - This is a very broad term for a whole range of language that is 'colored' or
emotionally charged in some way.

 A rhetorical question is a question asked, not with the expectation of an answer, but to give
emphasis to an idea

 Exaggeration for the purpose of an argument is hyperbole. It can be seen as a fault of argument
when the exaggeration defies logic or contradicts the facts.

 A metaphor is the comparison of one thing with another. Rather than saying that a thing is like
another as in a simile, a metaphor describes something as if it is the other.

 The analogy is also a comparison between two things thought to be similar but is an extension of
a simile.

 Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in sequential or nearby words.

 Alliteration is the repetition of speech sounds, usually consonants, in a sequence of words.

 SECTION 4: ENGLISH LITERATURE ANALYSIS
 Introduction To Samuel Coleridge  Themes and Imagery
 Poems
 Darkness
 Coleridge - Kubla Khan
 Disease
 Coleridge - The Eolian Harp
 Coleridge - This Lime-Tree Bower, My Prison  Blood 
 Coleridge - Frost At Midnight  Clothing
 Introduction To Macbeth By
Shakespeare
 Macbeth
 The Crucible - Act One
- Act Two and Act Three
 Macbeth - Act Four and Act Five
 Macbeth Themes  The Crucible - Act Two, Act
 The Presence of Evil Three, Act Four and Themes
 Ambition
 Guilt
 Guilt
 Deceptiveness, Appearances and Reality  Ambition
 Masculinity  Morality
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge is one of the greatest of the English Romantic poets. He
was born on 21 October 1772 in Devonshire, the ninth and youngest son of Rev
John Coleridge and Anne Bowden.

 The term "Conversation poem" is a term Coleridge himself used and has come to
refer to those poems in which the poet is aware of the imagined or real presence of
a loved one, and the poems are partly addressed to these friends in a
conversational tone, concerning the poet's own feelings.

 The best-known Conversation poems are:

• The Eolian Harp.
• Frost at Midnight.
• This Lime-Tree Bower, My Prison.
• The Nightingale.

 The Eolian Harp' is one of Coleridge's most famous Conversation Poems. In it,
through musing on a musical instrument placed in his casement window, he muses
on the processes of the creation of poetry.

 Typical of the Conversation Poems is the movement through the poem by one idea
setting off another that is suggested by it.
 SECTION 5: SHAKESPEARE - HIS LIFE
AND WORK
 Shakespeare's plays were serious, tragic, funny and violent, even by today's
standards. Shakespeare always explored themes that made people think about
themselves and the world around them

 Shakespeare was an extraordinary playwright. He explored in great depth and with

great compassion and humanity the human condition. His work can be adapted for
any society as it encompasses themes that affect all people regardless of their race,
colour or gender.

 Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a country town in Warwickshire, at

the northern end of the Cotswold region.

 By the end of the 16th Century, it was possible for people to think of "drama" as
something that took place in "theatres". Before then, "drama" took place in a variety
of places and was for all people and not only those who paid for it.
 The Rose Theatre was built on the south bank of the Thames, in Southwark, just
outside the city of London in an area renowned for its inns and brothels (or "stews",
called so because of the vapor baths patrons would take to ward off the plague or
venereal disease)

 Many of Shakespeare's most colorful characters: Mistress Overdone and Pompey

from Measure for Measure and Dogberry from Much Ado about Nothing would have
been based on people that he knew in Southwark

 Shakespeare wrote plays to make a living. He had to please the people for whom he
was writing, therefore it is important that we have some understanding of who these
people were and what play going was like.

 Although Shakespeare offered very few explicit stage directions in his plays, and
some of those seem to have been written by editors years later, the directions he did
give help us understand both how events appear on stage and also how speeches
are delivered.