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P&ID - Process & Instrumentation Diagram
P&ID - Process & Instrumentation Diagram
(P&ID)
By
DR. RAMESH
PSEG
Process Systems Engineering Group
Some Basic Control
Aspects………….
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Flow Diagram for a Feedback Control Loop
Disturbance
Setpoint e c u
+- Controller Actuator Process CV
Sensor
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Process Systems Engineering Group 3
Control Diagram of a Typical Control Loop
(Blending Process)
Actuator
System
F1 F2
T1 T2
Sensor
System
Controller TC T
F
TT
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Selection of Controlled Variables
Chapter 7
Guideline 1.
All variables that are not self-regulating must be controlled.
Guideline 2.
Choose output variables that must be kept within equipment and
operating constraints (e.g., temperatures, pressures, and
compositions).
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Process Systems Engineering Group 5
Selection of Controlled Variables
Guideline 3.
Select output variables that are a direct measure of product
quality (e.g., composition, refractive index) or that strongly affect
Chapter 7
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Selection of Manipulated Variables
Guideline 6.
Select inputs that have large effects on controlled variables.
Chapter 7
Guideline 7.
Choose inputs that rapidly affect the controlled variables.
Guideline 8.
The manipulated variables should affect the controlled variables
directly rather than indirectly.
Guideline 9.
Avoid recycling of disturbances.
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Process Systems Engineering Group 7
Selection of Measured Variables
Guideline 10.
Reliable, accurate measurements are essential for good control.
Chapter 7
Guideline 11.
Select measurement points that have an adequate degree of
sensitivity.
Guideline 12.
Select measurement points that minimize time delays and time
constants
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Feedforward Control
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Feedforward Temperature Control
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Feedforward and Feedback Temperature
Control
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Analysis of Feedforward and Feedback
Temperature Control
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Inferential Control
Inferential control is the one where the primary variables
are difficult to measure or slow sampling then the fast
sampling secondary variables are measured and using a
mathematical model (soft sensor) to infer the value of the
controlled variable.
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Inferential Control
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Cascade control
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Cascade Reactor Temperature Control
Feed
TC
Cooling
water
TT
Product
Feed
RSP
TT TC
Cooling
water
TT TC
Product
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Cascade Reactor Temperature Control
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Process & Instrumentation Diagram
(P&ID)
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Sequence of process design
Input - Output Diagram
Stoichiometry
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What are P& ID?
Communication tool
A record to assist memory
Extension of the flow diagram P&ID
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Block Flow Diagram
The block or rectangles represents unit operations and the blocks
are connected by lines representing the process flow streams
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Block flow diagram Example
Ammonia
Urea Prills Bagging
Air Ammonia Urea &
Carbon Dioxide
Unit Unit Shipping
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Process Flow Diagram (PFD) or Flow Sheet
Relationships between the major components in the system
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Process flow diagram
It is a diagram of fluid flow system showing the equipment items
connected by major process pipes and containing data on essential
process control circuits or major process requirements. It would
include following details.
Process piping
Major equipment names
Major equipment numbers
Major equipment identification numbers
Control valves
Interconnection with other system
Major bypass and circulation lines
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Continued…….
Process parameters i.e. temperature and pressure
Composition of fluids
A process flow diagram does not following details,
Pipe class
Pipe line number
Maintenance vents and drains
Relief and safety valves
Code class information
Seismic class information
Instruments
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Process Flow Diagram (PFD) Continued….
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Process Flow Diagram (PFD) Continued….
Classic Symbols:
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Another Example of PFD
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Another Example of PFD (Cont…)
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Another Example of PFD (Cont…)
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Process and instrumentation diagram
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Continued…….
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Distinction Between PFD & PID
PFD P&ID
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Standard symbols for instruments
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Standard symbols for equipments
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Standard symbols for fluid motive machinery
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Standard symbols
for vessels
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Standard symbols for valves
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Connection and piping symbols
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Process Legends
The process legend provides the information needed
to interpret and read the P&ID. Process legends are
found at the front of the P&ID. The legend includes
information about piping, instrument and equipment.
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Process Legends (Cont…)
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Process Legends (Cont…)
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P&ID Symbols
The ISA standards and symbols are important for the P&IDs
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Example: ISA Symbols for a Level Indicator
Flowmeter - Indicating
FI 001
Temperature - Transmitter
TT 001
Control Valve
FV 001
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How to draw the P&ID
The P&ID uses symbols and circles to represent each instrument and how they
are inter-connected in the process.
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Heat Exchanger Control
PSEG
Process Systems Engineering Group 51
Distillation Control
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Reactor Control
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ALARMS AND SAFETY TRIPS
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Instrument identification by P & ID
TRC
206
TT
206
TI
206
FCV
206
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Tag descriptors
Pressure Indicator
Level Recorder
Flow Controller
Temperature Transmitter
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Example for P&ID
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Example for P&ID
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Information available from P&ID
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Preliminary P&IS
1. Format & Sheet Size:
A0 or A1 (ISO)
2. Title Block:
Client Name, Unit Name, Section
Name, Project Name
3. Column Note:
5 . Layout of Equipment
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Example for P&ID
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Example for P&ID
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PSEG 6/11/20 / Dr. –Ing Naveed Ramzan
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