Unit 2

C. Sampling: Concept, Purpose and

Types
D. Probability and Non Probability
Sampling

Mool Raj
Astt. Prof. , Social Work,
CBLU Bhiwani , Haryana
 Sampling  (निदर्शन/प्रतिदर्शन/ प्रतिचयन)

• Sampling is about choosing who or what we wish to study in

order to answer our research question.
• किसी भी शोध अध्ययन में आंकड़े एकत्रित करने की विधि अध्ययन की विश्वसनीयता का आधार
होती है।
• अध्ययन के लिए जितनी अधिक  जनसंख्या को सम्मिलित कर आंकड़े एकत्रित किए जायें,
परिणामों की विश्वसनीयता भी उतनी ही अधिक होती है
• हर स्तर पर जनसंख्या का शत प्रतिशत भाग सम्मिलित नहीं किया जा सकता है।
• अधिकतर शोध अध्ययनों में सम्पूर्ण तथ्यों को सम्मिलित करने की बजाय उसकी प्रतिनिधित्व
करने वाली इकाइयों को लेकर अध्ययन किया जाता है।
Example :
• Average age of the
students in a class
• Blood Test to check
level of Hemoglobin by
Doctor
• Checking Knowledge
Level of the students by
asking some questions.
 Terminology
• Sampling : Statistical process of selecting a
subset (called a “sample”) of a population of
interest for purposes of making observations
and statistical inferences about that population.
• Population: All people or items (unit of
analysis) with the characteristics that one
wishes to study. The unit of analysis may be
a person, group, organization, country, object,
or any other entity that you wish to draw
scientific inferences about.
 Sampling ???
• Sampling Unit: Smallest unit from which
sample can be selected
• निदर्शन (Sample)- कु छ ऐसी इकाइयों का समूह जो समूचे इकाई
समूह का प्रतिनिधित्व करे।
• Sampling frame: A list from which the
potential respondents/ sample are drawn ……
1. Telephone directory ….2. List of five star
Hotel 
 Why Sampling(निदर्शन/ ???
• Get information about large populations
• Lower cost
• More accuracy of results
• High speed of data collection
• Availability of Population elements
• Less field time
• When its impossible to study the whole
population
 Purpose of Sampling
• To gain information about the population using
sample
• To draw conclusions about the population from
sample
• Saves cost compared to full enumeration/census
• Timeliness
• To provide various types of statistical
information of a qualitative or quantitative
nature about the whole
 निदर्शन प्रक्रिया के गुण वा उपयोगिता-
   संसाधनों की बचत।
   अधिक वैज्ञानिक विधि के रूप में मान्यता।
   तथ्यों की पुन: परीक्षा।
   परिणामों की शुध्दता।
   न्यूनतम त्रुटियां।
   सहयोग की संभावना
 अध्ययन की गतिशीलती में वृध्दि।
Probability (Random)
Sampling संभाविता न्यायदर्श प्रतिचयन विधि
• Each population unit has an
equal, or known, chance of
selection
• High degree of representativeness
• List of every unit of population
must be available
• Allows researchers to generalize
results
• Favoured by quantitative
researchers
• Expensive, time consuming and
complicated method as it requires
large data
Non- Probability ( Non- Random)
Sampling असंभाविता न्यायदर्श प्रतिचयन विधि
• Each population unit does
not have an equal chance
of selection
• No claim to be representative
• List of every unit is not
available to draw random
sampling
• Does not necessarily allow
the researcher to generalize
results
• Favoured by qualitative
researchers
 04 Types of Probability
(Random) Sampling संभाविता न्यायदर्श
प्रतिचयन विधि
• Simple Random Sampling
(SRS) दैव निदर्शन/अनियत प्रतिचयन
• Systematic Random
Sampling (SRS) व्यवस्थित
निदर्शन/क्रमबद्ध अनियत प्रतिचयन
• Stratified Random Sampling
(SRS) स्तरीकृ त निदर्शन, वर्गबद्ध
अनियत प्रतिचयन
• Cluster Random Sampling
(CRS) गुच्छ निदर्शऩ/ समुह अनियत
प्रतिचयन
• Multistage Sampling
04 Types of Non- Probability
( Non- Random) Sampling
असंभाविता न्यायदर्श प्रतिचयन विधि
• Convenience samples (ease of
access) / Accidental आकस्मिक/
संयोगजन्य निदर्शन
• Purposive sample (Judgmental
Sampling) उद्देश्यपूर्ण/ प्रयोजनात्म्क निदर्शन
• Quota Sampling (अभ्यंश प्रतिचयन)
• Snowball Sampling (friend of
friend….etc.) हिमकं दुंक प्रतिचयन
Simple Random Sampling (SRS) दैव निदर्शन/अनियत
प्रतिचयन
• Sampling Frame is identified
•Applicable when • Desired sample Number
population is small, Identified
homogeneous & • Numbers Assigned to subjects
readily available in sampling Frame
• All subsets of the
• Random Numbers selected in
frame are given an
some way
equal probability
• Numbers related to list of
•A table of random
subjects
number or lottery
system is used • Sample generated
• Advantage …….. Easy
method to use…….No
need of prior information
of population ……….Equal
and independent chance
of selection to every
element
• Disadvantages
• If sampling frame large,
this method impracticable.
• Does not represent
proportionate
representation.
Systematic • Sampling Frame Identified
Random Sampling • Desired Sample Frame
(SRS) व्यवस्थित निदर्शन Identified
•It varies from simple • Numbers assigned to each
random sampling in subjects in sampling frame
that the chosen units • Sampling Interval (x)
are not independent identified
of each other.
• First subject randomly
•For instance, you
chosen
might decide to
select every tenth • Every Xth subject chosen
person in order to • Sample generated
generate your sample.
Stratified Random Sampling (SRS) स्तरीकृ त निदर्शन, वर्गबद्ध अनियत प्रतिचयन
•It allows us to divide
• Sampling Frame is identified
our sampling frame into
• Desired sample No. Identified
various strata or groups
before selecting our • Strata or groups identified
sample. • Proportionate or
•This allows us to ensure disproportionate sample
that each group is numbers identified
represented • Sampling interval (X) identified
proportionately or for each strata or group
disproportionately to • First name in each group
their numbers in the randomly selected
overall population. • Every X th person chosen from
•E.g. Assessing the effects each group
of group home living vary • Sample generated
by gender.
Stratified Random Sampling (SRS) स्तरीकृ त निदर्शन, वर्गबद्ध
अनियत प्रतिचयन
Cluster Random Sampling
• Sampling frame
•It is used when there is no unknown
sampling frame available; that • Desired sample
is, we do not know who is in identified
the group from which we are
sampling as there is no readily • Clusters
available list of subjects. identified
•We also use this type of sampling • Random sample
when we are limited by resource
drawn from
constraints.
•Suppose, for example, that we
clusters
wish to survey homeless street • Sample
kids generated
Cluster sampling
Convenience Sampling (ease of access) / Accidental
(आकस्मिक/ संयोगजन्य निदर्शन)
Accidental sampling is, as • Sample drawn from
the name implies, a
sample you chance available or convenient
upon by accident. The group
sample is convenient or
available to you for • Sample reflects the
some reason. problem being investigated
E.g. standing in a public
place such as a • Number of subjects
supermarket or railway
station for a certain determined by access and
period of time and availability
interviewing people who
walk by. • Sample generated
Purposive sample (Judgmental Sampling)
उद्देश्यपूर्ण/ प्रयोजनात्म्क निदर्शन
This sampling technique • Sample is chosen for a
allows us to select the
sample for our study
particular purpose
for a purpose. We may • Sample gives insights into
have prior knowledge a particular issue related
that indicates that a to the
particular group is • study area
important to our study or
we select those subjects • Number determined by the
who we feel are ‘typical’ research topic, availability
examples of the issue we • Sample generated
wish to study.
Quota Sampling (अभ्यंश प्रतिचयन)

Quota sampling • Significant categories

allows us to set determined
quotas for • Quota determined for each
subgroups of category
our sample. • Quota selected
• Sample selected for each
category
• Sample generated
Snowball Sampling (friend of
friend….etc.) हिमकं दुंक प्रतिचयन
Snowball sampling is
used when we have
• Contact a ‘typical’ case
no knowledge of the • Ask this person to
sampling frame and recommend further cases
limited access to
subjects who may • Continue until sample is
meet the criteria for complete and saturated
our research.
E.g. No Access to HIV
+ve case