Distributed database

Management Systems
•  
Distributed DB
and DBMS
• Distributed Database: A collection of
logically interrelated databases that are
spread physically across multiple locations
connected by a data communications link.
 Main Characteristics

• Data at multiple sites

• DM at each site ind.
• Local requirements
• Global perspective
 Where to apply

• Major two reasons that make an application a candidate to be DDBS

application
• Large Number of Users
• Operation spread large geographical area
 Example Applications

• Banking
• Air Ticketing
• Business at multiple locations
Distributed DBMS: A software system that permits the management of DDB
and makes the distrib. transparent to the users
Decentralized Database: A collection of independent databases on non-
networked computers.
• Distributed Files: A collection of files stored on different computers of a
network; not a DDBS why?

• DDBS is logically related, common structure among files, and accessed

via same interface
Multiprocessor System: multiple processors that share some form of
memory

Processor Processor Processor

Unit Unit Unit

Memory

Shared Everything
Tight Coupling I/O System
 Computer Computer Computer
System System System

CPU CPU CPU

Memory Memory Memory

Shared
Secondary
Shared Everything Memory
Loose Coupling
Computer Computer Computer
System System System
CPU CPU CPU

Memory Memory Memory

Switch
Shared Nothing
 Centralized C/S Arch.
• DDBS is also different from a centralized system having C/S system
involving network
Reasons for DDBS
• Local units want control over data.
• Consolidate data for integrated decisions
• Reduce telecommunication costs.
• Reduce the risk of telecommunication failures.
 The Distributed Database System

Global User Global User

Local User
Distributed DBMS
Global
Schema

Node 1 Node n
DBMS
DBMS11 •••• DBMS n

Local User
Promises of DDBSs
 Transparency

User View System View

 Data Independence
• Two types:
• Logical Data Independence
• Physical Data Independence
• A transparent system hides the implementation details
from its users
 Network Transparency

• User should not only be free from network management activities rather it
should be unaware of even existence of the network
• Location Transparency and Naming Transparency