5.

2 MEIOSIS
Learning outcomes:

•State the necessity of trait inheritance in offspring for

continuation of life
•State the necessity to maintain diploid chromosome
number from generation to generation
•State the necessity for production of haploid gametes in
sexual reproduction
•State the significance of meiosis
•Identify the types of cell that undergoes meiosis
•Explain the process of meiosis
•Arrange the various stages of meiosis in the correct order
• Compare and contrast meiosis I meiosis II
• Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis
 The necessity of trait inheritance in
offspring
• How many chromosomes number in an
individual?

• Mitosis divide cell into daughter cells that are

genetically identical to the parent cell

• If only mitosis is the only way the cell can

divide…what will happen to organisms??
 So, it is necessity to have meiosis to maintain
the same chromosomal number for the offspring.

• Every somatic cell have 2 sets of chromosome

( 23 pairs of chromosomes)
One set come from?? And the other set come
from??

• A cell that has 2 complete sets of chromosome

is a diploid (2n)

CAN YOU GIVE EXAMPLE OF DIPLOID

CELLS…..
Definition/ significance of
meiosis
meio = reduces
Meiosis is a reduction division of diploid
cells to produces haploid sex gametes
( sperms or eggs)

• It halves the number of chromosomes

2n=46 n=23
• In sexual reproduction, the fusion of 2
gametes( egg and sperm) restores the
complete number of chromosomes
forming diploid zygote.

• The offspring inherits traits from both

parents to ensure a continuation of life.

• What does that mean?

• The male and female gamete must contain
only one set of chromosome (n) . Why?

• A zygote that receive less or more number

of chromosome will end up die or suffer
from genetic disease

Example of genetic disease??

• Meiosis consist of 2 nuclear division, which
are??
• However the DNA only replicate once.
Parent 2 haploid cells gametes
n

n
2n

n
n

n
• Meiosis I begins with a single diploid (2n)
parent cell

• The end of meiosis II four haploid (n)

daughter cells are produced

• Each of them is genetically distinct from

the other
Where does meiosis process occur in
multicellular organisms??
• Testes/ovaries
• Anthers/ovary
STAGES OF MEIOSIS
 Keywords
Meiosis-
-reduce the number of chromosomes from
(2n-n) diploid to haploid
-gametes
-have 2 stages which are meiosis I and
meiosis II
1. Prophase I
• Chromosome condense, shorter, thicker
• Homologous chromosome come
together to form bivalent through process
synapsis
• Bivalent= tetrad( 4 part structure)
• 2 homologous chromosome= 2 sister
chromatids
Attention!! They are all the same! Do not get
confused!
• Non sister chromatid come together and
do a cross over
• Point of cross over is chiasmata
• Nucleolus and nuclear membrane
dissapear
• 2 pair of centrioles move to opposite poles
• Spindle fibers form from centrioles
2. Metaphase I
• Chromosomes(tetrad) line up at metaphase
plate
• One Chromosome attach to the spindle fibers
and the other homolog chromosome attach on
the opposite pole
• Centromere not divide

3. Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosome pulled towards
opposite poles
• Not separated
Telophase I
• Chromosomes arrive at the pole.
• Each pole have haploid daughter nucleus
• It become only one set of chromosome
• Spindle fibre dissapear
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus
reappears
Cytokinesis
• Produce 2 haploid daughter cells
Meiosis II
- Occur without interphase
- DNA replication do not occur
- Chromosome remain in the condensed
state
PROPHASE II
- Nuclear membrane disintegrate
- Spindle fibre reforms in each daughter
cells
METAPHASE II
• Sister chromatid alligned on the
metaphase plate
• Sister chromatid attach to spindle fibers
at the centromere
ANAPHASE II
• Centromeres of sister chromatids
separated and move to opposite poles
• They are now individual chromosomes
TELOPHASE II
• Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform
• Spindles fiber disintegrates
• Cytokinesis follow and produce 4 haploid
daughter cells
• Containing half number of chromosomes
and genetically different from others and
parent cells
• It develops into gametes
5.3 Appreciating the movement o
chromosomes during mitosis and
meiosis
• The ability of organism to reproduce ensures the
continuity of life
• Organism reproduce through mitotic and meiotic
cell division
• To ensure the survival of each species
• Asexual reproduction is through mitotic division
produces offspring that identical to single parent
• Sexual reproduction through meiotic division
produces variation in offspring
• If meiosis does not occur properly, the
gametes will have abnormal number of
chromosomes.
• Zygote become abnormal
Ex: down sydrome, klinefelter, turner
syndrome
• Normal chromosome down
syndrome
Comparison between meiosis I and
II
Assignment
- Compare and contrast the stages between
meiosis I and II in the table
- Compare and contrast the stages between
meiosis and mitosis

- SUBMIT ON……