EE428 Industrial Process Control

Dr. Ammar Hasan

Slides with red background are

not included in the syllabus
Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST
 Structure of closed loop system
Fuel or energy

Controller
Set Point Error Signal Output Signal
+ Controller Actuator
-
Manipulated variable

Feedback Manufacturing Disturbance

Signal
Process

Measurement
Devices Measured
variable Output or
controlled variable

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Structure of closed loop system
Fuel or energy

Set Point
+ Controller
D to A
converter
filter Actuator
-
Manipulated variable

Feedback Manufacturing Disturbance

Signal
Process
Signal Measure
A to D
conditioning/ ment
converter Measured
amplification Devices
variable Output or
controlled variable

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Data acquisition

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Data acquisition

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Chapter 2: Interfacing Devices

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Slides with red background are not included in the syllabus
2.1 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS  

• A very versatile amplifier device is the

operational amplifier (op amp).
• The most popular op amp is the  μA74l, which is
fabricated inside an 8-pin integrated circuit
package.
• Others are LM301, 558, LM324, TBA221 and
TL071
• There are three important characteristics of op
amps that make them ideal amplifiers:
Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST
 2.1 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS  

• There are three important characteristics of

op amps that make them ideal amplifiers:
1. High input impedance  
2. High voltage gain  
3. Low output impedance  
 

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 2.1 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS  

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 2.1 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS  

• When external components are connected to

the input and output leads, the op amp is
capable of  performing several functions. How
the components are connected determines
which function the op amp  performs. 

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 2.1.1 Operational Amplifier
Comparator
• This device compares  the voltage applied to
one input to the voltage applied  at the other
input.
• Any difference between the volt-ages drives
the op amp output into either a positive or a
negative-volt saturation condition.

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 2.1.1 Operational Amplifier
Comparator

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 2.1.1 Operational Amplifier
Comparator
• Saturation is  about 80% of the supply voltage.
Therefore, 5 volts  is produced if the power
supply is 6.25 volts.
• The polarity of the output is determined by
the polarity of  the voltages applied at the
inputs.

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 2.1.1 Operational Amplifier
Comparator
• When the voltage applied to the inverting input is
more positive  than the voltage at the non-inverting
terminals, the output swings to a -5-volt saturation
potential.  
• Likewise, when the voltage applied to the inverting
input is more negative than the voltage at the non-
inverting input, the output swings to the +5-volt
saturation potential.
• However, when the input voltages are  the same
amplitude, the output is zero.
Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST
 2.1.2 lnverting Op Amp  

• A typical op amp can have a voltage gain of

approximately 200,000.
• However, the output voltage level cannot exceed
approximately 80 percent of the supply voltage.
• For example, the maximum output voltages of the
op amp shown earlier are +5 volts and -5 volts
because the power-supply potentials are +6.25 volts
and 6.25 volts.

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 2.1.2 lnverting Op Amp  

• Therefore, it only takes a 25uV input to result in a

positive or negative 5volt output voltage, depending
on the input-signal polarity and the terminal to which
it is applied.  
• However, the op amp is used for many applications
that require a voltage gain less than 200,000.
• A technique called feedback is used to control the
gain of this device, and it is accomplished by
connecting a resistor from the output terminal to an
input lead.
Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST
 2.1.2 lnverting Op Amp  

A negative-feedback circuit is shown below

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Summing amplifier

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 Noninverting amplifier

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Difference amplifier

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Difference amplifier
• A differential amplifier is a type of electronic
amplifier that amplifies the difference
between two input voltages but suppresses
any voltage common to the two inputs. [1] It is
an analog circuit with two inputs and and one
output in which the output is ideally
proportional to the difference between the
two voltages.

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Instrumentation amplifier
• An instrumentation (or instrumentational)
amplifier is a type of differential amplifier
that has been outfitted with input buffer
amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input
impedance matching and thus make the
amplifier particularly suitable for use in
measurement and test equipment.

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Instrumentation amplifier
• Additional characteristics include very low DC
offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-
loop gain, very high common-mode rejection
ratio, and very high input impedances.
Instrumentation amplifiers are used where
great accuracy and stability of the circuit both
short and long-term are required

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Instrumentation amplifier

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Integrating operational amplifier

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Integrating operational amplifier

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Integrating operational amplifier

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

Differentiator operational amplifier

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Schmitt trigger
• The Schmitt trigger is a device that produces
rectangular wave signals.
• It is often used to convert sine waves or arbitrary
waveforms into crisp square-shaped signals.
• It is also used to restore square waves, which
sometimes become distorted due to electromagnetic
interference (called noise) during transmission, back
to their required square-shaped waveforms.

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Schmitt trigger
• The Schmitt trigger uses positive feedback internally
to speed up level transitions.
• It also utilizes an effect called hysteresis, which
means that the switching threshold on a positive-

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Schmitt trigger

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Schmitt trigger

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Schmitt trigger

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Optoelectronic Interface Devices
• Applications that require isolation and
safety

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Optoelectronic Interface Devices
Photodiodes
• Fast switching detection
• low output current (50-500 uA)

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Optoelectronic Interface Devices
Phototransistor
• Amplifies the current therefore higher
output current due to amplification
• Slower response time

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Optoelectronic Interface Devices
Photo SCR
• Can be turned on by either or both the
gate or LED
• Can support high currents

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Optoelectronic Interface Devices
Photo Triac
• Allows bidirectional current
• Can support high currents but not as
much as SCR
• Turns on by light, turns off when current
is below a threshold

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

Slides with red background are not included in the syllabus

Digital Comparators

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Digital Comparators

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Digital Comparators

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Digital to analog converters
• Binary weighted D/A converter

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Digital to analog converters
• What is the analog output voltage when
a binary 1011 is applied to the binary
weighted D/A converter

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Digital to analog converters
• Number of output levels = Vref/2^n-1

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Digital to analog converters

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Digital to analog converters

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Analog to Digital converter

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Analog to Digital converter

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Analog to Digital converter

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Timing Devices
• 555 timer

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Timing Devices
• 555 timer

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Timing Devices
• 555 timer

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Timing Devices
• 555 timer
• Freq:

• Duty cycle:

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST

 Timing Devices
555 timer One shot pulse
from microseconds to minutes

Dr. Ammar Hasan SEECS, NUST