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Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Dynamics
Q A1 v1 Q A2 v2
A1 v1 A 2 v 2
Equation of Continuity
• The equation of continuity in the form
A1 v1 A 2 v 2
applies only when the density of the fluid is
constant. If the density of the fluid is not
constant, the equation of continuity is
D1 A1 v1 D2 A 2 v 2
• mass flow rate (units kg/s):
m
D A v
t
P1 P2 D g h2
• If the fluid is flowing through a horizontal pipe with a
constriction, as shown in the figure on the next slide, there is
no change in height and the gravitational potential energy
does not change. Bernoulli’s equation reduces to:
2 2
P1 0.5 D v1 P2 0.5 D v 2
1 1
P1 h1 D g D v1 P2 h 2 D g D v 2
2 2
2 2
Points 1 and 2
Work per Kinetic
Potential must be on the
unit volume energy
energy same streamline
done by the per unit
per unit
fluid volume
volume
Bernoulli’s Principle
• The flow rate Q in the tube has
to be constant, therefore, the
fluid has to move faster through
the constriction to maintain the
constant flow rate Q.
• The velocity at point a is greater
than at either the meter
entrance or the meter exit.
• The pressure in a fluid is related
to the speed of flow, therefore
the pressure in the fluid is less
at point a and greater at the
meter entrance, as illustrated by
the liquid levels in the U-tube
manometer.
• The pressure difference is equal
to:
P hDg
Bernoulli’s Principle
• Bernoulli's principle describes the
relationship between pressure and
velocity in a fluid and describes the
conservation of energy as it applies to
fluids.
• Bernoulli’s principle also explains why
a roof blows off of a house in violent
winds.
– Wind creates a low pressure region above
the peak of the roof, creating a pressure
difference inside and outside the house
which results in the loss of the roof.
Bernoulli's Equation and Lift
• The shape of a wing forces
air to travel faster over the
curved upper surface than
it does over the flatter
lower surface.
• According to Bernoulli’s
equation, the pressure
above the wing is lower
(faster moving air), while
the pressure below the
wing is higher (slower
moving air).
• The wing is lifted upward
due to the higher pressure
on the bottom of the wing.
Bernoulli's Equation and Lift
• Air flows over the top of an airplane wing of area A with
speed vt, and past the underside of the wing (also of area A)
with speed vu.
• the magnitude FL of the upward lift force on the wing will
be:
FL 0.5 D A v t 2 v u 2
• Ski jumpers use this same principle to help themselves
stay in the air longer during jumps.
• A boomerang with a curved surface will turn in the
direction of the curved face due to pressure differences
created by the different air velocities over the two surfaces.
Control surfaces on a plane
• By extending the
slats, the wing area
A can be increased
to generate more lift
at low speeds for
take off and
landing.
Curveball Pitch
Torricelli’s Theorem
• If an opening exists in a
tank containing a liquid
at a distance h below the
top of the liquid, then the
velocity v of outflow from
the opening is:
v 2 g h
provided the liquid obeys
Bernoulli’s equation and
the top of the liquid may
be regarded as motionless
(v = 0 m/s).
Tidal Waves
• Tidal waves are the dissipation of energy in a viscous fluid over
an inclined plane; tidal waves have nothing to do with tides.
• The energy source is usually an under-sea earthquake (it could
also be an under-sea explosion or a meteor strike); the viscous
fluid is the ocean; the inclined plane is the ocean floor sloping
upward toward land.
• Earthquake:
– When the Earth moves up and down it also moves the ocean water
up and down. This generates a huge wave traveling outward in a
series of concentric rings.
– In deep water, most of the tidal wave (tsunami) remains hidden
beneath the surface. But as the tidal wave moves toward more
shallow water, its enormous energy is forced to the surface.
– In the open ocean, tidal waves are hundreds of miles wide and
travel at jetliner speeds. Near land they slow down to freeway
speeds.
– What makes a tidal wave so destructive is the speed and
tremendous volume of water delivered onto a coastal or island
environment as the tidal wave is forced by the inclining ocean floor
onto the land.
Bernoulli’s Principle and Syringes
• The force applied to the plunger is equal to the pressure
times the area of the plunger.
• Viscous flow will occur within the barrel of the syringe
and only a little pressure difference is needed to move
the fluid through the barrel to point 2, where the fluid
will enter the
narrow needle.
• The pressure applied
to the plunger is nearly
equal to the pressure
P2 at point 2.
• The pressure at point 1, P1,
is also known as the gauge
pressure.
Bernoulli’s Principle and Syringes
• Apply Bernoulli’s principle,
0.5 D v12 h1 D g P1 0.5 D v 22 h2 D g P2
2 2
h 0 set top surface of water as 0 ; vt 0
PB 0 (want this to be as small as possible)
vB vC 2 g (d h 2 ) to be explained soon
1
2
Patm h1 D g D 2 g (d h 2 )
2
1
Patm h1 D g D 2 g (d h 2 )
2
Patm h1 D g D g (d h 2 )
Bernoulli’s Principle and Siphons
• To determine the speed of the liquid flow at the
bottom of the siphon, start with Bernoulli’s
equation:
0.5 D v t 2 h t D g Pt 0.5 D v b 2 h b D g Pb
2
(d h2 ) D g 0.5 D v b
• The density cancels out:
2
(d h2 ) g 0.5 v b
• Solve for vb:
v b 2 d h2 g
Equation of Continuity Example
• What is the flow rate of water in a pipe whose
diameter is 10 cm when the water is moving
with a velocity of 0.322 m/s?
d 10 cm 0.1 m; r 0.05 m
A π r 2 π 0.05 m 2 0.007854 m 2
2 m
Q A v 0.007854 m 0.322
s
m3
Q 0.002529
s
Equation of Continuity Example
• If the diameter of Qleft Qright ; A L v L A R v R
the pipe to the 2 2
π rL v L π rR v R
right is reduced 2 2
to 4 cm, what is rL v L rR v R
the velocity of m
0.05 m 0.322
2
the fluid in the 2
r v
vR L 2 L s
right-hand side of rR 0.02 m 2
the pipe? m
v R 2.0125
s
Bernoulli’s Example
• The pressure P1= 53913.24 N/m2, whereas the velocity of the water v1
= 0.322 m/s. The diameter of the pipe at location 1 is 10 cm and it is
at ground level. If the diameter of the pipe at location 2 is 4 cm, and
the pipe is 5 m above the ground, find the pressure P2 of the water at
position 2.
– From the previous example, we know that the velocity of the water at
location 2 is 2.015 m/s.
Bernoulli’s Example
P1 h1 D g 0.5 D v12 P2 h 2 D g 0.5 D v 22
kg
h1 0 m (ground level); D 1000
m3
P1 0.5 D v12 P2 h 2 D g 0.5 D v 22
P2 P1 0.5 D v12 h 2 D g 0.5 D v 22
m
2
N kg
P2 2940 2 0.5 1000 3 0.322 5 m 1000 kg 9.8 m
m m s m 3
s 2
kg m
2
0.5 1000 3 2.015
m s
N N N N
P2 53913.24 2 51.842 2 49000 2 2030.1125 2
m m m m
N
P2 2934.97 2
m
Helpful Online Links
• Hyperphysics Fluids
• Work-Energy Applet (to determine the
power needed in the pump for the water-
jet to pass over the wall)
• Gallery of Fluid Mechanics