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06 Downstream Processing
06 Downstream Processing
Downstream processing,
what and why
Fermentation
Microbes Happy growing Drug producing
Downstream Processing
Removal of insoluble's
Product Isolation
Product Purification
Product Polishing
1. Cell removal /removal insoluble (filtration,
centrifugation , coagulation and flocculation)
2. Primary isolation (adsorption, precipitation)
Removing components with properties significantly
different from those of the products
Large volume, relatively non selective
3. Purification (chromatography,
ultrafiltration)
Removing components with properties similar to
those of the products
Highly selective
4. Product preparation, polishing
(crystallization, drying)
A Removal of insoluble's
Capture of the product as a solute in a
particulate-free liquid
Example
Separation of cells, cell debris or other
particulate matter from fermentation broth
containing an antibiotic.
Typical Operations
Filtration
A mechanical operation used for the separation of solids from fluids.
Type of filtration unit
t
Decanter centrifuge
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation:
Forming semisolid lumps in a liquid.
Flocculation:
Forming woolly cloudlike aggregations.
B Product Isolation
pI
2. Organic solvent precipitation
By adding an organic solvent to an aqueous
fermentation broth, the dielectric constant will
decrease causing the solubility to decrease.
Example
Xanthan gum is recovered from an aqueous
fermented broth containing the gum by
adding to the broth organic solvent.
3. Insoluble salt precipitation
Usually used in extraction of
amino acid and organic acid.
e.g.
Citric acid extraction and purification process
30
Organic Resin Groups
SO3 H
es
Pr se
fa ob
M n
ei
er
+ icr
lts
ct
ot
at
La
Sa
W
t Nanofiltration
(200 - 700 MW)
Reverse Osmosis
(<200 MW)
Ultrafiltration Microfiltration
(2000 - 50,000 MW) (100,000 MW)
Semi-permeable
Membrane
Wine Filtration –Why?
Filtration Objectives/Purposes Include
Remove insoluble contaminants
Improve clarity, brightness
Extend shelf life
Electrodialysis
D Product Polishing
Final processing steps which end with
packaging of the product in a form that is
stable, easily transportable and convenient
Crystallization, concentration and drying
are typical unit operations
Crystallization
Formation of a crystalline phase from a
parent phase, e.g. solution
One of the oldest and most important
unit operations, e.g. extracting salt crystals
from sea water
Definition of Crystal
A substance in which the constituent atoms,
molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered,
repeating three-dimensional pattern.
The distinction between a crystal and an
amorphous solid is that between order and disorder
over large distances
Crystallization Process