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Two Step Process Utilizing Tabular Listings To
Two Step Process Utilizing Tabular Listings To
1 ABCD 4 0100
ABCD 8 1000
2 ABCD 5 0101
ABCD 6 0110
ABCD 10 1010
3 ABCD 13 1101
Implication Table (1,0,-)
Quine-McCluskey Method
Implication Table
Tabular method to
systematically find all prime Column I
implicants
0000
ƒ(A,B,C,D) = Σ m(4,5,6,8,9,
10,13) + Σ d(0,7,15) 0100
Part 1: Find all prime 1000
implicants
0101
Step 1: Fill Column 1 with 0110
active-set and DC-set minterm 1001
indices. Group by number of 1010
true variables (# of 1’s).
0111
1101
NOTE: DCs are included in this step! 1111
Implication Table (cellular)
Quine-McCluskey Method
Implication Table
Tabular method to
systematically find all prime Column I
implicants
0
ƒ(A,B,C,D) = Σ m(4,5,6,8,9,
10,13) + Σ d(0,7,15) 4
Part 1: Find all prime 8
implicants
5
Step 1: Fill Column 1 with 6
active-set and DC-set minterm 9
indices. Group by number of 10
true variables (# of 1’s).
7
13
NOTE: DCs are included in this step! 15
Minimization - First Pass (1,0,-)
Quine-McCluskey Method
Tabular method to systematically find all Implication Table
prime implicants
ƒ(A,B,C,D) = Σ m(4,5,6,8,9,10,13) + Σ Column I Column II
d(0,7,15) 0000 0-00
Part 1: Find all prime implicants -000
Step 2: Apply Adjacency - Compare 0100
1000 010-
elements of group with N 1's against 01-0
those with N+1 1's. One bit difference 0101 100-
implies adjacent. Eliminate variable and 0110 10-0
place in next column. 1001
1010 01-1
E.g., 0000 vs. 0100 yields 0-00 -101
0000 vs. 1000 yields -000 0111 011-
When used in a combination, mark with a 1101 1-01
check. If cannot be combined, mark with 1111 -111
a star. These are the prime implicants. 11-1
Repeat until nothing left.
Minimization - First Pass (cellular)
Quine-McCluskey Method
Tabular method to systematically find all Implication Table
prime implicants
ƒ(A,B,C,D) = Σ m(4,5,6,8,9,10,13) + Σ Column I Column II
d(0,7,15) 0 0,4(4)
Part 1: Find all prime implicants 0,8(8)
Step 2: Apply Adjacency - Compare 4
8 4,5(1)
elements of group with N 1's against 4,6(2)
those with N+1 1's. 2n difference implies 5 8,9(1)
adjacent. Next col is numbers with diff in 6 8,10(2)
parentheses. 9
10 5,7(2)
E.g., 0 vs. 4 yields 0,4(4) 5,13(8)
5 vs. 7 yields 5,7(2) 7 6,7(1)
When used in a combination, mark with a 13 9,13(4)
check. If cannot be combined, mark with 15 7,15(8)
a star. These are the prime implicants. 13,15(2)
Repeat until nothing left.
Minimization - Second Pass (1,0,-)
Quine-McCluskey Method
Step 2 cont.: Apply Adjacency - Compare Implication Table
elements of group with N 1's against
those with N+1 1's. One bit difference Column I Column II Column III
implies adjacent. Eliminate variable and
0000 0-00 * 01-- *
place in next column. -000 *
E.g., 0000 vs. 0100 yields 0-00 0100 -1-1 *
0000 vs. 1000 yields -000 1000 010-
01-0
When used in a combination, mark with a 0101 100- *
check. If cannot be combined, mark with 0110 10-0 *
a star. These are the prime implicants. 1001
1010 01-1
-101
Repeat until nothing left. 0111 011-
1101 1-01 *
1111 -111
11-1
Minimization - Second Pass (cellular)
Quine-McCluskey Method
Step 2 cont.: Apply Adjacency - Compare Implication Table
elements of group with N 1's against
those with N+1 1's. 2n difference implies Column I Column II Column III
adjacent. Next col is numbers with
0 0,4(4) * 4,5,6,7(3) *
differences in parentheses. 0,8(8) *
E.g., 4,5(1) and 6,7(1) yields 4 5,7,13,15
4,5,6,7(3) 8 4,5(1) (10) *
4,6(2)
When used in a combination, mark with a 5 8,9(1) *
check. If cannot be combined, mark with 6 8,10(2) *
a star. These are the prime implicants. 9
Repeat until nothing left. 10 5,7(2)
5,13(8)
7 6,7(1)
13 9,13(4) *
15 7,15(8)
13,15(2)
Prime Implicants
Prime Implicants:
A
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 X 1 0 1
0 - 00 A C D - 000 B C D
01 0 1 1 1 100 - A B C 10 - 0 A B D
D
C
11 0 X X 0 1 - 01 A C D -1 -1 B D
10 0 1 0 1
01 - - A B
B
Prime Implicants (cont.)
Prime Implicants:
A
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 X 1 0 1
0 - 00 A C D - 000 B C D
01 0 1 1 1 100 - A B C 10 - 0 A B D
D
C
11 0 X X 0 1 - 01 A C D -1 -1 B D
10 0 1 0 1
01 - - A B
B
4 5 6 8 9 10 13
0,4(0-00) X
0,8(-000) X
5,7,13,15(-1-1) X X
4 5 6 8 9 10 13 4 5 6 8 9 10 13
0,4(0-00) X 0,4(0-00) X
0,8(-000) X 0,8(-000) X
8,9(100-) X X 8,9(100-) X X
8,10(10-0) X X 8,10(10-0) X X
9,13(1-01) X X 9,13(1-01) X X
4,5,6,7(01--) X X X 4,5,6,7(01--) X X X
5,7,13,15(-1-1) X X 5,7,13,15(-1-1) X X
0,8(-000) X 0,8(\000) X
8,9(100-) X X 8,9(100-) X X
8,10(10-0) X X 8,10(10-0) X X
9,13(1-01) X X 9,13(1-01) X X
4,5,6,7(01--) X X X 4,5,6,7(01--) X X X
5,7,13,15(-1-1) X X 5,7,13,15(-1-1) X X
If Row P is equal to Row Q and Row Q does not cost more than Row P,
eliminate Row P, or if Row P is dominated by Row Q and Row Q Does
not cost more than Row P, eliminate Row P
0,8(\000) X 0,8(\000) X
8,9(100-) X X 8,9(100-) X X
8,10(10-0) X X 8,10(10-0) X X
9,13(1-01) X X 9,13(1-01) X X
4,5,6,7(01--) X X X 4,5,6,7(01--) X X X
5,7,13,15(-1-1) X X 5,7,13,15(-1-1) X X
FFAABBDDAACCDDAABB
Second Example
Essential Prime Implicants
minterms
YZ
WX 00 01 11 10 0 0000
1 0001
00 1 1 1 1
2 0010
01 1 1 8 1000
3 0011
11 1 1 5 0101
10 1010
10 1 1 7 0111
14 1110
15 1111
Finding Prime Implicants
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
0 0000 (0,1) 000- (0,1,2,3) 00--
1 0001 (0,2) 00-0 (0,2,1,3) 00--
2 0010 (0,8) -000
(1,3) 00-1 (0,2,8,10) -0-0
8 1000
3 0011 (1,5) 0-01 (0,8,2,10) -0-0
(2,3) 001- (1,5,3,7) 0--1
5 0101
10 1010 (2,10) -010
(1,3,5,7) 0--1
7 0111 (8,10) 10-0
14 1110 (3,7) 0-11 6 Prime Implicants
15 1111 (5,7) 01-1
1-10 00--
(10,14) 1-10
-111 -0-0
(7,15) -111
111- 0--1
(14,15) 111-
Find Essential Prime Implicants
Prime Covered Minterms
Implicant minterms 0 1 2 3 5 7 8 10 14 15
1-10 10,14 X X
-111 7,15 X X
* 111-
00--
14,15
0,1,2,3 X X X
X X
X
-0-0 0,2,8,10 X X X X
0--1 1,3,5,7 X X X X
3 Prime Implicants
F = !W & Z # W & X & Y # !X & !Z
YZ
WX 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1
0--1
01 1 1
!W & Z
11 1 1
111-
!X & !Z 10 1 1
W & X & Y
-0-0
Practice
ƒ(A,B,C,D) = Σ m(0; 2; 5; 6; 7; 8; 10; 12; 13; 14; 15)
Practice (cont)
Practice (cont)
Practice (cont)
Practice (cont)
Practice (cont)
A+F+B+D
005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Petrick’s Method
005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Practice 2
Practice 2 (Cont.)
Practice 2 (Cont.)
Practice 2 (Cont.)
Practice 2 (Cont.)