Presentation on :

Pharmaceutical Solvents,
Coloring, Flavoring, Sweetening
& Diluting agents
Antioxidants & Preservatives
Prepared by :
Md. Shariful Islam
ASH1604063M
 Pharmaceutical Solvents

Coloring Agents

Flavoring Agents
Content :
Sweetening Agents

Diluting Agents

Antioxidants & Preservatives

Solvents:

 A substance that dissolves a solute resulting in

a solution.
 Solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a
solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid.
 Solvents are used in hundreds of
pharmaceutical products, many of which are
found in our homes.
 Example: Water, Chlorobenzene, Chloroform,
Ethylene glycol etc.
 Some of the products found in our medicine
cabinets are solvents, such as rubbing alcohol
Uses:
 Provide molecules to build some drugs
 Used for extraction and purification
 Also can provide a reaction medium

Ideal Properties:
Should be non-toxic
Should be stable
Should be not highly volatile
Coloring agents:

 Various additives are used in the

manufacture of pharmaceuticals.
 A color additive is any dye, pigment, or
other substance that imparts color to
pharmaceuticals.
 Colorants are cosmetics for
pharmaceutical preparation.
Reasons for using coloring agents:

 Increases acceptability
 For identification
 Stability purpose
 Identification of dose
 Use of different colors for different strengths
of the same drug can also help eliminate errors
 Non-toxic and have no physiological activity.

Free from harmful impurities

Tinctorial power should be high so that only small quantities are

Ideal required.

properties
Unaffected by light, tropical temperatures, hydrolysis and micro‐
of coloring organisms and therefore, be stable on storage.

agents:
Free from objectional taste & odor
 Compatible with medicaments and not interfere
with them.

Should not be appreciably adsorbed on to

suspended matter.

Ideal
Ready solubility in water is desirable in most cases
properties but some oil‐soluble and spirit‐soluble colors are
necessary
of coloring
agents:
Unaffected by oxidizing or reducing agents and pH
changes
 Flavoring agents:
 Improve the desirable characteristics of
taste, texture & overall palatability of
formulations of drugs.
 Flavoring agents are added to increase
patient acceptance.
 The four basic taste sensations are salty,
sweet, bitter and sour.
 Example: Clove oil, citric and syrup,
glycerin, rose oil, orange oil, menthol,
peppermint oil etc.
Sweetening Agent:

 The substances which are added to a

drug formulation to mask its bitter
taste.
 Sugar is the most widely used natural
sweetening agents.
 Sugar having lot of disadvantages like
dental caries, high blood sugar,
calories etc. various substitute are
used.
Sweetening Agent:

 2 types of substitute which are used as

sweeteners
1) Natural sweeteners
2) Artificial sweeteners

 According to nutritive value

A. Nutritive Sweeteners
B. Non Nutritive sweeteners
Sweetening Agent:

A. Nutritive Sweeteners B. Non Nutritive sweeteners

Deliver calories Do not deliver calories
Less sweet More sweeter
Sorbitol, Mannitol etc. Aspartame, Saccahrin,
Cyclamate, Alitame etc.
Diluting agents:

 Diluents act as fillers in pharmaceutical

tablets to increase weight and improve
content uniformity.
 Also used in coating to ease the flow.
 Example: Lactose, Sorbitol, Sucrose,
Dextrose

Purpose of using:
 To enhance bulkiness
 To provide improved cohesion
 To enhance flow
 Nontoxic

Inert

Biocompatible

Properties Stable

of Acceptable
diluents:
Commercially available in acceptable grades

Non-hygroscopic

Color-compatible
 Compatibility

Flowability

Solubility

Selection Disintegration qualities

of diluents: Hygroscopicity

Lubricity

Stability
Antioxidant:

 A substance that inhibits oxidation.

 Chemically they are reducing
agents
 The effectiveness of antioxidant can
depend on the concentration used
and pH of solution.
 Examples: Ascorbic acid, Butylated
hydroxy anisole (BHA), Butylated
hydroxyl toluene (BHT)
Properties of ideal Antioxidant:

 Readily soluble or dispersible in the

medium.
 Effective in low concentration.
 Non-toxic.
 Non-irritant.
 Compatible with other ingredients of
emulsion.
 Colorless, odorless and tasteless.
 Classification:
Antioxidant

Source Solubility

Water Oil
Natural Synthetic Soluble Soluble
 Preservatives:

 The chemical substances used to improve

or amplify shelf life of drugs by decreasing or
lowering the oxidation of active ingredients and
excipients and by reducing microbial production.

 Example: Methyl paraben, Benzyl alcohol, Phenol etc.

  Based on mechanism of action:
1)Antioxidants: Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Butylate
hydroxy toluene(BHT)
2)Antimicrobial agents: Benzoates, Sorbates

Classification: 3)Chelating agent: Polyphosphate, Citric acid

 Based on Source:
1)Natural: Neem oil, Salt, Lemon, Honey
2)Artificial: Nitrites, Propionates
Ideal characteristic of Preservative:

Non toxic and non

Effective Stable
reactive

Compatible with
Highly soluble Odorless
drug components

Cost effective Tasteless

 To protect our drug from microbial attack

Necessity of
To enhance activity and efficacy of drug
Preservatives:

To increase shelf life of our product

To stabilize our product

  www.scribd.com
 www.slideshare.net
 www.spectrumchemical.com
References:  www.pharmaexcipients.com
 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov