Destructive Testing

Impact Testing
 Objective
• To test the ability of different types of
specimens to withstand sudden impact.
 Theory
• Impact testing : Involve the sudden impact of
load
• Hardness : Ability of material to resist
fracture when subjected to
sudden impact.
• The machine measure the amount of energy
consumed for breaking the test piece in joules
unit.
• The amount of energy absorbed indicate the
hardness of a material.
 What is impact?
• In mechanics, an impact is a high force or shock
applied over a short time period when two or more
bodies collide.

• Such a force or acceleration usually has a greater

effect than a lower force applied over a
proportionally longer time period of time.

• The effect depends critically on the relative velocity

of the bodies to one another
 Cont…
• At normal speeds, during a perfectly inelastic collision,
an object struck by a projectile will deform.
• A high-velocity collision (an impact) does not provide
sufficient time for these deformations and vibrations
to occur. Thus, the struck material behaves as if it were
more brittle than it is, and the majority of the applied
force goes into fracturing the material
• Different materials can behave in quite different ways
in impact when compared with static loading
conditions.
 Impact resistance(toughness)
• In materials science and metallurgy,
toughness is defined as the amount of energy
per volume that a material can absorb before
rupturing.
• It is also defined as the resistance to fracture
of a material when stressed.
How to increase impact resistance:
• Alloying the metal
• Heat treatment
• Thermal cycling
• Conventional rolling
• Martempering
• Macroalloying with vanadium
Conducting the experiment
 Specimen/Test piece : Charpy specimen
(10mm x 10 mm x 55 mm)

 Apparatus : Impact testing machine ( MT3061)

 Procedure:
1) Place the specimen onto the support with notch
facing backside of the striking direction.
2) Raise the pendulum to the start point.
3) Set the pointer to 15 joules (straight down).
4) Release the pendulum by turning the black knob.
CAUTION: KEEP HANDS CLEAR FROM PENDULUM
PATH.
5) After the test piece is broken, stop the pendulum by
lifting the friction brake. Be sure that the pendulum is
not moving before removing the test piece.
6) The energy consumed when breaking the test piece
(impact energy) can now be read directly from the
scale pointer
 data
Material Impact energy (J) Type of specimen Surface of Fracture

1 4.2 Carbon steel smooth surface: most brittle /

least toughness

2 5 Carbon steel Moderate brittle

3 5.8 Carbon steel brittle

4 9 Carbon steel ↓

5 10 Carbon steel ↓

6 10.2 Carbon steel Ductile

7 27.5 Carbon steel Moderate Ductile

8 72 Carbon steel Rough surface: most

ductile/highest toughness
Surface of fracture :
a) Highly ductile fracture
b) Moderate ductile fracture
c) Brittle fracture without any plastic deformation
 Result:
1. A harder material will absorb more energy
during impact therefore result in a low height to
which pendulum swing after breaking the test
piece.
2. The more energy consumed when breaking the
test piece, the harder the material will be.
3. Specimen with the lowest impact energy mean
it is brittle and has least hardness.
4. Specimen with the highest impact energy mean
it is ductile and has highest hardness.
  
Application of experiment results
onboard ship:
1) For testing construction materials used in the construction of
pressure vessels, hull and other parts of a ship and also to see
how storms and different climates will affect materials used in a
ship.
2) The impact energies the part can be expected to see in a ship
lifetime.
3) Determining the type of impact that will deliver that energy and
then, select a material that will resist such assaults over the
projected life span.
4) To measure the toughness, or energy absorption capacity of the
ship body materials.
5) Determine whether the material is suitable or not depending on
condition where the materials are going to be used.
6) To ensure materials which are being used can last longer.