Linearly Constrained Motion

Presenter- Kinley Tshering

Student No- 08200023
Module Tutor: Dr. Karma Utha
Module Name: PHE504 Advanced Studies
1
 Outline

Philosop Free Static and Linearly

hical
particle
Kinetic Drag Accelerat Refer
foundati friction ed
diagram force Forces Motion
ences
on
Philosophical views
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was one of the first people to think about the
laws of motion in any systematic way. Aristotle described laws of
motion for both terrestrial and celestial motion.
• Galileo Galilei, took the first steps toward a new way of looking at
motion consistent with this model, developing nascent forms of
Newton's first law and the theory of relativity.
• Newton invented calculus and applied it to the motion of the moon
and planets. Starting with the idea that all objects (including planets)
naturally move in straight lines at constant velocities.
Free- particle diagrams

•  Newton's second law tells us that the net external force acting on an
object causes its center of mass to accelerate in inverse proportion to
its total mass m.

• To work with the component form of the law, the vector equation
becomes independent component equations.
• = or
To draw free particle diagram
• 1 A sketch of the object, with a dot representing its center of mass.
• A labeled arrow representing each (external) force acting on the
object with its tail attached to the center of mass.
• A set of reference frame axes.
 Z
 
𝐹𝑁
⃗
x
Pushing box
⃗𝐹  𝑁 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐹 𝑅𝐹
⃗
 

Environment
touches box
 
𝐹𝑔
⃗
Static and Kinetic Friction Forces

•  The force of static friction is a force between two surfaces

that prevents those surfaces from sliding or slipping across each
other.

 Force of kinetic friction always opposes the sliding motion and tries

to reduce the speed at which the surfaces slide across each other.

Note:
Drag Forces

•  The drag force experienced by an object as it moves through a fluid

depends strongly on speed
• Empirically, the magnitude of the drag force on most objects moving
through air is given by the formula

• The drag coefficient C is about 0.5 for a sphere and is smaller for
smooth and streamlined shapes, but it can be as large as 2 for
irregular shapes
Linearly Accelerated Motion

•  An object moving along a straight line with nonzero acceleration.

Newton's second law implies that the net force on the object must
point in the same direction as its observed acceleration.
• This means that analyzing the motion of an object becomes much
simpler if we orient the reference frame axes, so that one axis
coincides with the direction of the observed acceleration. Then the
two components of the net force perpendicular to this axis are zero
(just as in a constant-velocity problem), and analysis of the object's
motion becomes a one-dimensional problem.
 Model: If there are no significant friction
forces acting on the object, then the only
forces acting on the cart are the normal force
(which points perpendicular to the incline)
and the cart's weight (which points vertically
downward). Since the object is confined to
moving on the surface of the incline, its
acceleration has to point parallel to the
incline. Let us orient our reference frame so
that the x axis points down the incline and
the z axis is perpendicular to the incline. If
we express Newton's second law in column-
vector form, we get
A Constrained-Motion Framework

• General framework works for constrained motion

problems are.
1. drawing a free-particle diagram is usually more useful than a free-
body diagram in the conceptual model step
2. It is especially important in constrained-motion problems to
understand and think about the constraint that the environment
places on the object's acceleration.
References
• Moore, Thomas A. (2013). Six ideas that shaped Physics: Unit C. Conservation
Laws constrained interactions. New Delhi: MacGraw Hill Education Private
Limited.
• 
• Moore, Thomas A. (2013). Six ideas that shaped Physics: Unit N. Laws of
physics are universal (3rd ed). New Delhi: MacGraw Hill Education Private
Limited.
• 
• Physics tutorial video: Kinetic Friction and Static Friction Physics Problems,
Forces, Free Body Diagrams, Newton's Laws. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSp_TY2lghY