Chapter 4

CONTROL VOLUME
ENERGY ANALYSIS
• Many devices such as Turbines, Pumps
and Compressors involve mass flow in
and out of a system and, therefore,
they should be analyzed as CONTROL
VOLUMES (Open Systems) instead of
Control Masses (Closed Systems).
 WHAT IS A CONTROL
VOLUME?

1. A control volume is a region of space

through which mass flows.

2. A control volume is a region of space

studied in a particular analysis.
IN GENERAL, any arbitrary
region in space can be selected as
Control Volume.

There are no concrete rules for

the selection of control volume.
• But, the proper choice certainly
makes the analysis much easier.
4.1. CONSERVATION OF MASS
FOR A CONTROL VOLUME
 MASS RATE BALANCE
• Let
mcv(t) – the mass contained within the
control volume.

mi – the mass within the small region

labeled i adjacent to the control
volume.
• Let us study a system consisting of a
fixed quantity of matter m that
occupies different regions at time t and
a later time t+t.

• At time t, the amount of mass under

consideration is,

m = mcv(t) + mi (4.1)
• In a time interval t all the mass in
region i crosses the control volume
boundary, while some of the mass
called me initially contained within the
control volume exits to fill the region
labeled e adjacent to the control
volume.
• At time t+t,

m = mcv(t+t) + me (4.2)

• The amount of mass in region i and e

are not necessarily equal.
• Accordingly,

mcv(t) + mi = mcv(t+t) + me (4.3)

or,

mcv(t+t) – mcv(t) = mi – me (4.4)

• STATEMENT

“The change in mass of the control

volume during time interval t
equals the amount of mass that
enters less the amount of mass that
exits”.
• On a time rate basis,

m cv (t  t) - m cv (t) mi me
  (4.5)
t t t

dmcv (4.6)
 m i  m e
dt
• In general, there may be several locations on
the boundary through which mass enters or
exits,

dmcv
(4.7)   m i   m e
dt i e

Over a time interval,

(4.8)
mcv   mi   me
i e
 STEADY STATE
• Many engineering systems can be
idealized as being at steady state
(meaning that all properties are
unchanging in time),

(4.9)  m   m
i
i
e
e
 4.2. CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY FOR A CONTROL
VOLUME
CONTROL VOLUME ENERGY
RATE BALANCE

• Let’s study a fixed quantity of matter

m that occupies different regions at
time t and a later time t+t,
• At time t, the energy of the system under
consideration is,

(4.10) 2
Vi
E (t )  E cv (t )  mi (u i   gz i )
2
where Ecv(t) is the sum of the internal,
kinetic, and gravitational potential energies
of the mass contained within the control
volume at time t.
• In a time interval t all the mass in
region i crosses the control volume
boundary and amount of mass me
initially in the control volume exits to
fill the region e.
• At time t+t, the energy of the system
under consideration is,
2
Ve
E (t  t )  E cv (t  t )  me (u e   gz e ) (4.11)
2

Note: (i) the mass and the energy

within the control volume may have
changed over the time interval.
(ii) the masses mi and me are
not necessarily equal, nor are their
energies necessarily the same.
• The total mass m under consideration
occupies different regions of space at
different times, but its quantity
remains constant.

• Thus, we can apply the closed system

energy balance,
E (t  t )  E (t )  Q  W
 • Introducing Eqs. (4.10) and (4.11), and
rearranging,
2 2
Vi Ve
E cv (t  t )  E cv (t )  Q  W  mi (u i   gz i )  me (u e   gz e )
2 2

(4.12)
• Similarly, the energy rate equation for
the control volume is
2 2
dEcv Vi Ve
 Q  W  m i (u i 
   gz i )  m e (u e   gz e )
dt 2 2
(4.13)
where W is the net rate of energy
transfer by work across all portions of
the boundary of the control volume.
 WORK FOR A CONTROL
VOLUME

• It is more convenient to separate the

work term W in Eq. (4.13) into two
contributions:
(i) One is the work associated with the
pressure as mass is introduced at inlets
and removed at exits.

(ii) The other, denoted by W cv , includes

all other work effects such as those
associated with rotating shafts,
displacement of the boundary, electrical,
magnetic, and surface tension effects.
• Thus, in accordance with the sign
convention for WORK, we have:
W   ( p e AeVe )  ( pi AiVi )  W cv (4.14)

• Where:
pe, Ae, Ve: pressure, area, velocity of the
matter at exit e, respectively.
pi, Ai, Vi: pressure, area, velocity of the
matter at inlet i, respectively.
• The above expression for work can be
rewritten as

W   m
(4.15)  i ( pi vi )  W cv
 e ( pe ve )  m

• Where:
and ve: mass flow rate and specific
m e
volume evaluated at the exit e.
and vi: mass flow rate and specific
mi
volume evaluated at the inlet i.
• The terms m e ( pe ve ) and m i ( pi vi )
account for the work associated with
the pressure at the exit and the inlet.

• They are commonly referred to as

FLOW WORK.
 CONTROL VOLUME ENERGY
RATE BALANCE
• From Eqs. (4.13) and (4.15) we have:
2 2
dEcv Vi Ve
 Qcv  Wcv  m i (u i  pi vi 
   gzi )  m e (u e  pe ve   gz e )
dt 2 2
(4.16)
• By using the term h = u+pv, we have:
2 2
dE cv Vi Ve
 Qcv  Wcv  m
   i (hi   gz i )  m
 e (he   gz e )
dt 2 2

(4.17)
 • In practice, there may be several
locations on the boundary through
which mass enters or exits:
2 2
dE cv Vi Ve
 Qcv  Wcv   m i (hi 
   gz i )   m e ( he   gz e )
dt i 2 e 2

(4.18)
 ANALYSIS OF CONTROL
VOLUME AT STEADY STATE

1. Steady State Forms of the Mass and

Energy Rate Balances


(4.19)
i
m   m
i
e
e

Eq. (4.19) means:

(Mass rate IN) = (Mass rate OUT)
• Furthermore, at steady state dEcv/dt =
0, so Eq. (4.18) can be rewritten as
2 2
V V
0  Q cv  W cv   m i (hi  i  gzi )   m e (he  e  gze )
i 2 e 2
• Alternatively
2 2
Vi Ve
Q cv   mi (hi 
  gzi )  Wcv   me (he 
   gze )
i 2 e 2

(4.20)
• Eq. (4.20) means:
(Energy rate IN) = (Energy rate OUT)

• In practice, many important

applications involve one-inlet, one-exit
control volume at steady state. Thus:
m 1  m 2
(1 – inlet, 2 – exit)
• Thus

 (V
2
 V
2
2 )

0  Qcv  Wcv  m
   ( h1  h2 )  1
 g ( z1  z 2 ) 
 2 

(4.21)
2 2
Q cv W cv (V1  V2 )
0   (h1  h2 )   g ( z1  z 2 )
m m 2

(4.22)
• Related well-known symbol:

SFEE

Steady Flow Energy Equation

2. APPLICATIONS
 2.1. Nozzles and Diffusers

NOZZLE – A flow passage of varying cross-

sectional area in which the velocity of a gas
or liquid increases in the direction of flow.

DIFFUSER – A flow passage of varying cross-

sectional area in which the velocity of a gas
or liquid decreases in the direction of flow.
NOTE – For nozzles and diffusers, the
only work is FLOW WORK at
locations where mass enters and exits
the control volume.
• Thus, from Eq. (4.22), by dropping the
potential energy change, we have:

2 2

Qcv (V1  V2 )
0  (h1  h2 )  (4.23)
m 2
2.2. Turbines

TURBINE – A device in which work is

developed as a result of a gas or liquid
passing through a set of blades
attached to a shaft free to rotate.
Thus, from Eq. (4.22), by dropping the
potential energy change, the kinetic
energy change, and the heat transfer
between the turbine and its
surroundings, we have:

W cv
 h1  h2 (4.24)
m
2.3. Compressors and Pumps

COMPRESSOR – A device in which

work is done on a gas passing through
it in order to raise the pressure.
PUMP – A device used to move fluids
(liquids).
2.4. HEAT EXCHANGERS

Devices that transfer energy between

fluids at different temperatures by heat
transfer modes are called Heat
Exchangers.
2.5. THROTTLING DEVICES

A significant reduction in pressure can

be achieved simply by introducing a
restriction into a line through which a
gas or liquid flows.
This can commonly done by means of a
partially opened valve or a porous plug.
 From equation (4.21):

 2 2
(V1  V2 ) 
0  Qcv  Wcv  m (h1  h2 ) 
   g ( z1  z2 )
 2 

m 1  m 2
• We have:

h1 = h2 (4.25)
 EXAMPLES
• Example 4.1
A supply line carries a two-phase liquid-vapor
mixture of steam at 20bars. A small fraction of
the flow in the line is diverted through a
throttling calorimeter and exhausted to the
atmosphere at 1bar. The temperature of the
exhaust steam is measured as 120oC. Determine
the quality of the steam in the supply line.
• From the table of superheated water vapor:
h2 = 2716.6kJ/kg

• We have: h1 = h2

• At p = 20bars, we have:
hf = 908.79kJ/kg and hg = 2799.5kJ/kg
• Thus, the quality of the steam in the supply
line is

x1 = (h1 – hf)/(hg – hf) = 0.95615

• Example 4.2
As shown in the figure, steam enters a de-
superheater operating at steady state at 30bars,
320oC, where it is mixed with liquid water at 25 bars,
200oC to produce saturated vapor at 20bars. Heat
transfer between the device and its surroundings and
kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected.
Determine the mass flow rate of liquid, in kg/h, for a
steam mass flow rate of 50,000kg/h.
• We have:

m 1 h1  m 2 h2  (m 1  m 2 )h3

• Where:
h1 = 3043.4kJ/kg
m 1 = 50,000kg/h = 13.888kg/s
h2 = 852.8kJ/kg
h3 = 2799.5kJ/kg
• Thus,
m 2 = 1.740012944kg/s = 6264kg/h