PROJECT PLANNING

CHAPTER 5 (Part 2)
 Learning outcome

Students will be able to:

 Demonstrate several stages in planning
[CO1:PO1]
 Apply the work breakdown structure for
planning the project. [CO1:PO1]
 Carry out the method for planning in a
construction using AOA and AON method.
[CO1:PO1]
 Identify the critical activity ,total float,
free float and their effects to the project
implementation. [CO1:PO1]
 Precedence
Diagram Method
 Precedence Diagram Method

 PDM is more flexible than AON or AOA

networks because PDM allows the
overlapping of concurrent activities.
Additionally, almost all commercially
available microcomputer-based project
management systems are based on PDM.”
 Activity Logic

Precedence
 Precedence assumes that succeeding
activities cannot start until all preceding
activities are complete.

 •A predecessor activity is any activity that

must be completed before a given activity
can be started.
 •A successor activity is any activity that
cannot start until a given activty has been
completed.
 Activity
Relationships
 Lag Points
 Developed to offer greater flexibility
in network
 A lag is the minimum amount of time
a dependent activity must be delayed
to begin or end.
 Occur for 2 reasons :-
 To breaks long duration activity so that the
next activity will not be delayed
 To constrain the start and end of an activity

Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @

copyright - Aug 2004
 Lag Time
 Time period that separates or designates a
waiting period between 2 activities.-a
predecessor & a successor.
 Typically a positive value.
 However, if there is a need to overlap 2
activities, the lag time is assigned as a
negative value and more appropriately called
LEAD time. (-VE VALUE)
 Use of Lags

Types :
1. Finish-to-Start Relationship (FS)
2. Start-to-Start Relationship (SS)
3. Finish-to-Finish Relationship (FF)
4. Start-to-Finish Relationship (SF)

Most commonly used are Start-to-Start (SS),

Finish-to-Finish (FF) and combination of
this two.

Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @

copyright - Aug 2004
 Finish-to-start- Most common. The earliest the
next activity can begin is when a certain activity
is completed.
 Start-to-start- Is used to show how the start of
one activity triggers the start of a successor
activity.
 Finish-to-finish- Necessary for the initial
activity to remain ahead of its successor activity.
Completion is contingent upon completion of its
predecessor.
 Lag-The relationship arrows can have lags
associated with them. A lag signifies that there
must be some predetermined waiting period
between activities. A minimum number of days
that must elapse between activities.
 Finish-to-Start (FS)

Lag 7 B
A

Activity B must be delayed even when the preceding

activity has completed.

Example : removing formworks cannot begin until concrete

has cured for 7 days.

PM must carefully checked the lag time to reduce the risk

of being late.
Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @
copyright - Aug 2004
 Finish to Start

Most common type of sequencing

Shown on the line joining the modes
 Added during forward pass
 Subtracted during backward pass
n ot
s
g i as
s l a e
Thi sam lack
the tivity s
ac
0 A 6 6 B 11 15 C 22
Spec Design Design Check FS Lag Blueprinting
6 5 4 7
 Start-to-Start (SS)

SS=Lag 3 Q
P

Activity Q cannot begin until 3 days after activity P begins.

Example : pipes laying project.

SS=3 days SS=5 days

Trench Lay pipe Refill
15 20 2

after 3 days, laying pipe works start , but treching works still
on going until 15 days Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @
copyright - Aug 2004
 Start to Start

Logic must b
e
maintained b
y
forward and both
backward
30 D 36 pass
Wiring
6

SS Lag
3 33 B 36 36 C 37
31 A 33 HVAC Inspection
Plumbing 5 1
6
 Finish-to-Finish (FF)

FF=Lag 3 Q
P

Activity Q cannot be completed any earlier than 3 days

after P is complete.
Finish of Q depend on finish of P.

Example : testing of equipment.

Note : this is not FS because testing of subcomponents
can begin before the full installation is completed.

FF=3 days
Installation Testing
Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @
copyright - Aug 2004
 Finish to Finish

Two activities share a similar

completion point
 The mechanical inspection cannot happen
until wiring, plumbing, and HVAC installation
are complete
15 D 21
Wiring
6

10 A 16 16 B 21 21 C 22
Plumbing HVAC Inspection
6 5 1
 Start-to-Finish (SF)

Lag 3 B
A

Activity B cannot end until 3 days after A has started.

Example : Testing of Concrete

Lag 3 Testing to check

Casting of concrete
on quality

Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @

copyright - Aug 2004
 Start to Finish

Least common type of lag

relationship
Successor’s finish
dependent on
predecessor’s start
30 D 36
Wiring
6
SF Lag
3
28 B 33 33 C 34
22 A 28 HVAC Inspection
Plumbing 5 1
6
fssf.mpp
 Exercise 1

Activity Duration Predecessor

A 2 None
B 3 A
C 4 A
D 1 A
E 2 A
F 5 C (FS+2),D
G 3 B(SS+4),F
H 4 E,G
 B to G Start-to-Start (SS) is 4 days
 Lag of 2 days between C and F
Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @
copyright - Aug 2004
 Exercise 2
 Refer Exercise 1

 D to F Finish to Finish is 5 days

 Lag of 3 days between F and G

Activity Duration Predecessor

A 2 None
B 3 A
C 4 A
D 1 A
E 2 A
F 5 C ,D
G 3 B,F
H 4 E,G Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @
copyright - Aug 2004
 Try this: Draw the network, calculate the ES, EF, LS and LF.

Q2 (a)

Activit Duratio Predecess Constraint /

y n ors Relationship
A 4 - -
B 8 A -
C 3 A -
D 2 A -
E 7 B –
C FS + 6
F 5 C FS – 3
D –
G 1 E
F
21
 Try this: Draw the network, calculate the ES, EF, LS and LF.

Q2 (b)

Activit Duratio Predecess Constraint /

y n ors Relationship
A 4 - -
B 8 A -
C 3 A -
D 2 A -
E 7 B FF + 2
C FS + 6
F 5 C FS – 3
D SS – 1
G 1 E
F
22
 C
Q.3
6 FS
+ 2
B
6 G
2
A D
2 1
F
3

E
3

23
Q.3(a)
C
6
B
6 G
4
A D
2 5
F
2

E
3
24
Q.3(b)
C
6 FS
– 3
B
6 G
4
+ 1
A D FS
2 FS
5 –2
F
2
5
+
E 5 FS
3
25
Q.3(c)
C
6
FF + 5
B
6 G
4
+ 1
A D FS
2 5
F
SS +1
2
5
+
E 5 FS
3
26
Q.4

B
FS
5 +2
G
3
E FF+ 10
3

4+
SS
C I
A
6 5
2
SS
+ 3
FF+

F H
6

8 2
D
4

27