IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.0 SECOND MOMENT OR MOMENT OF INERTIA

OF AN AREA

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Moment of Inertia of an Area
8.3 Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration
8.4 Polar Moment of Inertia
8.5 Radius of Gyration
8.6 Parallel Axis Theorem
8.7 Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
8.8 Product of Inertia
8.9 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia

18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 1

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.1. Introduction

• Forces which are proportional to the area or volume over which they act
but also vary linearly with distance from a given axis.
- the magnitude of the resultant depends on the first moment of the
force distribution with respect to the axis.
- The point of application of the resultant depends on the second
moment of the distribution with respect to the axis.

• Herein methods for computing the moments and products of inertia for
areas and masses will be presented

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.2. Moment of Inertia of an


Area
• Consider distributed forces F whose magnitudes are
proportional to the elemental areas A on which they
act and also vary linearly with the distance of A
from a given axis.
• Example: Consider a beam subjected to pure bending.
Internal forces vary linearly with distance from the
neutral axis which passes through the section centroid.

F  kyA
R  k  y dA  0  y dA  Q x  first moment
M  k  y 2 dA 2
 dA  second moment
y

• Example: Consider the net hydrostatic force on a

submerged circular gate.
F  pA  yA
R    y dA
M x    y 2 dA
18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 3
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.3.Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration

• Second moments or moments of inertia of
an area with respect to the x and y axes,
I x   y 2 dA I y   x 2 dA

• Evaluation of the integrals is simplified by

choosing dto be a thin strip parallel to
one of the coordinate axes.

• For a rectangular area,

h
I x   y dA   y 2bdy  13 bh 3
2

• The formula for rectangular areas may also

be applied to strips parallel to the axes,
dI x  13 y 3 dx dI y  x 2 dA  x 2 y dx

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.4. Polar Moment of Inertia

• The polar moment of inertia is an important
parameter in problems involving torsion of
cylindrical shafts and rotations of slabs.
J 0   r 2 dA

• The polar moment of inertia is related to the

rectangular moments of inertia,
 
J 0   r 2 dA   x 2  y 2 dA   x 2 dA   y 2 dA
 I y  Ix

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.5. Radius of Gyration of an Area

• Consider area A with moment of inertia
Ix. Imagine that the area is
concentrated in a thin strip parallel to
the x axis with equivalent Ix.
I
I x  k x2 A kx  x
A
kx = radius of gyration with respect
to the x axis
• Similarly,
Iy
Iy  k y2 A ky 
A
JO
J O  kO2 A kO 
A

kO2  k x2  k y2

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

Examples
SOLUTION:
• A differential strip parallel to the x axis is chosen for
dA.
dI x  y 2 dA dA  l dy

• For similar triangles,

l h y h y h y
 l b dA  b dy
b h h h
Determine the moment of
inertia of a triangle with respect
• Integrating dIx from y = 0 to y = h,
to its base.

 
h
2 h y
2 bh 2
I x   y dA   y b dy   hy  y 3 dy
0 h h0
h
b  y3 y 4  bh3
 h   I x
h 3 4 12
0

18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 7

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:
• An annular differential area element is chosen,

dJ O  u 2 dA dA  2 u du
r r
J O   dJ O   u  2 u du   2  u 3du
2

0 0

 4
JO  r
2

a) Determine the centroidal polar • From symmetry, Ix = Iy,

moment of inertia of a circular
area by direct integration.  4
JO  I x  I y  2I x r  2I x
2
b) Using the result of part a,
determine the moment of inertia  4
of a circular area with respect to a I diameter  I x  r
4
diameter.

18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 8

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.6. Parallel Axis Theorem

• Consider moment of inertia I of an area A
with respect to the axis AA’
I   y 2 dA

• The axis BB’ passes through the area centroid

and is called a centroidal axis.

I   y 2 dA    y   d  2 dA
  y  2 dA  2d  y dA  d 2  dA

I  I  Ad 2 parallel axis theorem

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

• Moment of inertia IT of a circular area with

respect to a tangent to the circle,
 
I T  I  Ad 2  14  r 4   r 2 r 2

 54  r 4

• Moment of inertia of a triangle with respect to a

centroidal axis,
I AA  I BB  Ad 2

I BB  I AA  Ad 2 1 bh 3
 12 1  
1
 2 bh 3 h
2

1 bh 3
 36

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.7. Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas

• The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis is
obtained by adding the moments of inertia of the component areas
A1, A2, A3, ... , with respect to the same axis.

18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 11

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

Example
225 mm
20 mm SOLUTION:
• Determine location of the centroid of
composite section with respect to a
coordinate system with origin at the
358 mm
centroid of the beam section.
• Apply the parallel axis theorem to
determine moments of inertia of beam
172 mm section and plate with respect to
The strength of a W360x57 rolled steel composite section centroidal axis.
beam is increased by attaching a
• Calculate the radius of gyration from the
225x20 mm plate to its upper flange.
moment of inertia of the composite
Determine the moment of inertia and section.
radius of gyration with respect to an
axis which is parallel to the plate and
passes through the centroid of the
section.
18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 12
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

225 mm
20 mm SOLUTION:
• Determine location of the centroid of composite section
with respect to a coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.
358 mm

A   225 mm  20 mm   4500 mm 2
1 1
y   358 mm    20 mm   189 mm
172 mm
2 2
2 3
Section A, in
mm2 y , in.
mm yA, in
mm3
Plate 6.75
4500 7189
.425 50 .12 x 103
850.5
189 mm
Beam Section 11.20
7230 0 0
 A 11730
17.95  yA  850.5
50.12 x 103

Y  A   yA Y 
 yA 850.5  10

3
 72.51 mm.
 A 11730
18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 13
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

225 mm
20 mm • Apply the parallel axis theorem to determine moments of
inertia of beam section and plate with respect to composite
section centroidal axis.
I x,beam section  I x  AY 2  160.2  106   7230 72.51
2

358 mm
 198.2 104
I x,plate  I x  Ad 2  121  225 20   4500189  72.51
3 2

172 mm
 61.2  106 mm 4

I x  I x,beam section  I x,plate  192.6 106  61.2 106

I x  254  106 mm 4

189 mm
• Calculate the radius of gyration from the moment of inertia
of the composite section.

I x 253.8  106 mm 4
k x  
A 11730 mm 2
k x  147.1 mm.
18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 14
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

Example
SOLUTION:
• Compute the moments of inertia of the
bounding rectangle and half-circle with
respect to the x axis.
• The moment of inertia of the shaded area is
obtained by subtracting the moment of
inertia of the half-circle from the moment
of inertia of the rectangle.
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect to
the x axis.

18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 15

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:
• Compute the moments of inertia of the bounding
rectangle and half-circle with respect to the x axis.
Rectangle:
I x  13 bh3  13  240120  138.2  106 mm4

Half-circle:
moment of inertia with respect to AA’,
I AA  18 r 4  18   90 4  25.76  106 mm4
moment of inertia with respect to x’,

4r  4  90
a   38.2 mm
3 3
b  120 - a  81.8 mm
A  12 r  12   90
2 2
 12.72  103 mm2
18.06.20
 
I x  I AA  Aa 2  25.76  106 12.72  103 
 7.20  106 mm4
moment of inertia with respect to x,
 
I x  I x  Ab 2  7.20  106  12.72  103  81.8 2
 92.3  106 mm 4
Dr. Engin Aktaş 16
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

• The moment of inertia of the shaded area is obtained by

subtracting the moment of inertia of the half-circle from
the moment of inertia of the rectangle.

Ix  138.2  106 mm4  92.3  106 mm 4

I x  45.9  106 mm 4

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.8. Product of Inertia

• Product of Inertia:
I xy   xy dA

• When the x axis, the y axis, or both are an

axis of symmetry, the product of inertia is
zero.

• Parallel axis theorem for products of inertia:

I xy  I xy  x yA

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

8.9. Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia

• The change of axes yields
Ix  I y Ix  I y
I x   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2
Ix  I y Ix  I y
I y   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2
Ix  Iy
I xy  sin 2  I xy cos 2
2
Given I x   y 2 dA I y   x 2 dA • The equations for Ix’ and Ix’y’ are the
parametric equations for a circle,
I xy   xy dA
 I x  I ave  2  I x2y  R 2
we wish to determine moments
and product of inertia with Ix  I y  Ix  Iy  2
I ave  R     I xy
respect to new axes x’ and y’. 2  2 
Note: x  x cos  y sin  • The equations for Iy’ and Ix’y’ lead to the
y   y cos  x sin  same circle.
18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 19
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

• At the points A and B, Ix’y’ = 0 and Ix’ is

a maximum and minimum,
I max,min  I ave  R
respectively.
2 I xy
tan 2 m  
Ix  Iy

• The equation for m defines two

angles, 90o apart which correspond to
the principal axes of the area about O.

 I x  I ave  2  I x2y  R 2 • Imax and Imin are the principal moments

of inertia of the area about O.
Ix  I y  Ix  I y  2
I ave  R     I xy
2  2 

18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 20

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

Example
SOLUTION:
• Determine the product of inertia using
direct integration with the parallel axis
theorem on vertical differential area strips
• Apply the parallel axis theorem to
evaluate the product of inertia with respect
to the centroidal axes.

Determine the product of inertia of

the right triangle (a) with respect
to the x and y axes and
(b) with respect to centroidal axes
parallel to the x and y axes.

18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 21

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:
• Determine the product of inertia using direct integration
with the parallel axis theorem on vertical differential
area strips
 x  x
y  h1   dA  y dx  h1  dx
 b  b
 x
xel  x yel  12 y  12 h1  
 b

Integrating dIx from x = 0 to x = b,

b 2
I xy   dI xy   xel yel dA   x  12  2 x
h 1   dx
0  b
b 2 b
2 x x x 
2  x 2 x3 x 4 
3
 h    2 dx h    2 
0 2 b 2b   4 3b 8b  0

1 b 2h 2
I xy  24
18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 22
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

• Apply the parallel axis theorem to evaluate the

product of inertia with respect to the centroidal axes.
x  13 b y  13 h

With the results from part a,

I xy  I xy   x yA
I xy  1 b2h2
24
  13 h 12 bh
 13 b

1 b 2h 2
I xy    72

18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 23

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

Example
SOLUTION:
• Compute the product of inertia with
respect to the xy axes by dividing the
section into three rectangles and applying
the parallel axis theorem to each.
• Determine the orientation of the
principal axes (Eq. 9.25) and the
principal moments of inertia (Eq. 9. 27).
For the section shown, the moments of
inertia with respect to the x and y axes
are Ix = 10.38 in4 and Iy = 6.97 in4.
Determine (a) the orientation of the
principal axes of the section about O,
and (b) the values of the principal
moments of inertia about O.
18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 24
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

SOLUTION:
76 mm
• Compute the product of inertia with respect to the xy axes
by dividing the section into three rectangles.
13 mm
Apply the parallel axis theorem to each rectangle,
 
102 mm
13 mm I xy   I xy  x yA

Note that the product of inertia with respect to centroidal

76 mm axes parallel to the xy axes is zero for each rectangle.

31.5 mm Rectangle Area, mm 2 x , mm. y , mm. x yA, mm 4

I 988  31.5  44.5  1384929
II 988 0 0 0
44.5 mm
III 988  31.5  44.5  1384929

44.5 mm
 xyA  2769858

I xy   x yA  2770000mm 4
31.5 mm

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13
2 I xy
• Determine the orientation of the principal axes by tan 2 m  
Ix  Iy
m = 127.5o the principal moments of
I max,min  I ave  R
inertia by

 I x  I ave  2  I x2y  R 2
Ix  Iy  Ix  I y  2
I ave  R     I xy
m = 37.5o 2  2 

I x  4.42 106 mm 4 tan 2 m  

2 I xy


2  2.77  106 
 3.72
Ix  Iy 4.42 10  2.93 10
6 6

I y  2.93 106 mm 4
2 m  74.9 and 254.9
I xy  2.77  10 mm 6 4

2
 m  37.5 and  m  127.5
Ix  Iy  Ix  Iy 
I max,min      I xy2
2  2 
2
4.42 10  2.93 10  4.42 106  2.93 106 
 
6 6
2
      2.77 106
2  2  I a  I max  6.54 mm 4
I b  I min  8.07 mm 4
18.06.20 Dr. Engin Aktaş 26